Geography-Distincive Landscapes

What is a landscape?

a view of an area of land

What are the main elements of all landscapes?

physical, water, living, transitory, human

Where are uplands found in the UK?

north and west (Scotland, Wales, Northern England)

Where are lowlands found in the UK?

south and east

How did glaciation change upland landscapes?

• forming mountatin peakes and ridges

• carving deep U-shaped valleys

How did glaciation change lowland landscapes?

• freezing gthe ground and creating river valleys

• leaving behind dry valleys when the ice melted

Are uplands usually made from harder or softer rocks?

harder

Are lowlands usually made from harder or softer rocks?

softer

What does the climate tend to be for upland areas?

cool and wet

What does the climate tend to be for lowland areas?

warm and dry

What are the main human activities in upland areas?

wind farms, tourism, forestry, farming, hunting, hydro-electric power

What are the main human activities in lowland areas?

commercial farming, built up towns, cities

Does the upland or lowland experience more weathering and mass movement?

uplands

What is an igneous rock?

rock formed when lava cools and solidifies quickly , resulting in small mineral crystals

What is a sedimentary rock?

rock formed from layers of sediment that have been deposited, compacted, and cemented together

What is a metamorphic rock?

a rock folded and distorted by heat and pressure as Earth’s tectonic plates move

What is the formation of granite?

igneous rock formed when molten rock cools slowley below the Earth’s surface

What is the composition of granite?

large crystals of different colour materials

What are the properties of granite?

a hard, impermeable rock that weathers and erodes slowley

What is the fertility of granite?

slightly acidic infertile soil that is often boggy and no good for growing crops

What is the formation of chalk?

sedimentary rock formed from layers of sea creatures that sink to the seabed

What is the composition of chalk?

small particles of shells made from calcuim carbonate

What are the properties of chalk?

a soft, permeable rock that weathers and erodes quickley

What is the fertility of chalk?

slightly alkaline fertile soil that is well drained and good for growing crops

How are the 3 rock types distributed in the UK?

in the UK, most igneous and metamorphic rocks are found in Scotland and Wales, most sedimentary rocks are found in England

What is mechanical weathering?

rocks physically broken down by the weather

What is chemical weathering?

rocks broken down by a chemical reaction

What is biological weathering?

rocks broken down by living organisms

Which type of weathering is freeze thaw weathering?

physical weathering

Which type of weathering is weak carbonic acid rain?

chemical weathering

Which type of weathering is the breaking apart of rock by tree roots?

biological

What are the 3 main agents of change of the UK’s landscape?

rivers, glaciers, the sea

What is erosion?

the wearing away of land and the removal of broken fragments of rock

What is transport? (erosion)

carring away the eroded material

What is deposition?

leaving transported material behind, building new land

What is hydraulic action?

fast flowing water or waves force air into cracks, splitting rock

What is attrition?

pebbles crashing into eachother, wearing down into smaller, rounder particles

What is abrasion?

water picks up pebbles and smashes them against rock, wearing it away

What is solution? (erosion)

some rocks slowly dissolve in the water

What is traction?

large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed or sea flor by the force of the water

What is saltation?

pepple-sized particles are bounces along the river bed or sea floor by the force of water

What is suspension?

small particles like silt and clay are carried along by the water

What is solution? (transport)

soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along

Why does high rainfall cause mass movememt to occur?

the water adds more weight to the soil and reduces friction

How can erosion leade to mass movement?

waves or a river erode the base of the slope, making it less stable

What path does a landslide shift in?

a stright line

What path does a land slump shift in?

with a rotation

How do headlands form?

where hard, more resistant rock, more resistant rocks slowly erode

How do bays form?

form between headlands where soft, less resistant rock easily erodes

What is the sequence of erosion for a headland?

crack, cave, arch, stack, stump

What are constructive waves?

waves with a strong swash and weak backwash that deposit sediment and build beaches

What are destructive waves?

waves with a strong backwash that erodes sediment from the beach

Why are sand beaches flat and wide?

sand particles are small and the weak backwash can move them back down the beach

Why are shingle beaches steep and narrow?

shingle particles are large and the weak wackwash can’t move them back down the beach

What is a spit?

an extention of a beach across a bay or river mouth caused by longshore drift

What is longshore drift?

waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind which causes material to move aloong the beach at an angle

Does the swash or the backwash carry material at right angles?

backwash

Does the swash or the backwash carry material at the same angle as the prevailing wind?

swash

How does the recurved end of a spit form?

strong winds can curve the end of the spit

Why does the sheltered area of a spit accumulate material?

it is protected from waves

Where is the Holderness Coast located in England?

on the east coast of England, along the North Sea

What is the most northern point of the Holderness coast called?

Flamborough Head

What is the most southern point of the Holderness coastline called?

Spurn Point

Which is the fastest eroding coast in Europe?

Holderness Coast

What is Flamborough Head made of?

chalk

What is the south of Flamborough Head of of?

boulder clay

Which direction do the prevailing winds blow at the Holderness Coast?

from north to south

How much land can be lost at the Holderness Coast in a stormy year?

10m of land

How high are the chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head?

over 100m high

Which river does Spurn Head extend into?

River Humber

How long is Spurn Head?

8km

What has formed behind Spurn Head?

salt marsh

How have humans been affected by coastal erosion of the Holderness Coastline?

farmland, farmhouses, villages, caravans and holiday homes are all threatened, and many have already been lost to the sea

What three industries is the coastal town of Hornsea mostly dependent on?

tourism, fishing and recreation

How far away is Hornsea from the shoreline fronts?

3km

Mow much money is spent on the shoreline in front of Hornsea?

over £10 million

Which hard engineering methods have been used on the shoreline in front of Hornsea?

sea wall, roack armour, groynes, gabions

Explain the problem caused by the defences shoreline in front of Hornsea?

terminal groyne syndrome - accelerated coastal erosion immediately down-drift from where a series of coastal defense structures come to an end