CPH LABORATORY MIDTERM EXAM

covers activity 1-7

Heart Rate/ Pulse

the number of times your heart beats per minute

Wrists, inside your elbow, side of your neck, top of the foot

best places to find your pulse

60-100 bpm

considered normal pulse rate of a regular adult

Inguinal, femoral, pelvic, groin

other place to get pulse

Index Finger and middle finger

fingers used to palpitate pulse; do not have their own pulse; a lot of nerve endings.

blood pressue

Measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body

millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

blood pressure is measured in...../ unit of blood pressure

systolic pressure

pressure when your heart pushes blood out..

diastolic pressure

pressure when your heart rests between beats

90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg

ideal blood pressure

140/90mmHg or higher

high blood pressure

below 90/60mmHg

low blood pressure

Sphygmomanometer

deals with measuring the arterial blood pressure in humans

stethoscope

used to listen to the blood pumping through the artery.

Hematocrit testing

also known as packed-cell volume (PCV) Test, measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood.

Hematocrit Test

part of complete blood count (CBC)

Red Blood Cells

carry oxygen throughout your body.

38.3% to 48.6%

Normal Range is considered in men to be

35.5-44.9%

Normal Range is considered in women to be

Low-than-normal-Hematocrit

Insufficient supply of healthy rbc (anemia)

Low-than-normal-Hematocrit

Large number of wbc due to long-term illness, infection, or a wbc disorder e.g., leukemia or lymphoma

Low-than-normal-Hematocrit

Vitamin or mineral deficiencies

Low-than-normal-Hematocrit

Recent or long-term blood loss

Higher-than-normal-hematocrit

Dehydration

Higher-than-normal-hematocrit

Disorder e.g., polycythemia vera (causes blood to produce too many rbc)

Higher-than-normal-hematocrit

Lung or heart diseases

Blood lancet

used to make punctures

Microhematocrit Centrifuge

used to determine volume fractions of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in blood. (centrifuged at 11000 to 12000 rpm for 4 to 5 min) 3 minutes ra tong sa atua.

Falsely Increased

Living at a high altitude

Falsely decreased

Pregnancy

Decreased

Significant recent blood loss

Falsely blood transfusion

falsely increased

Falsely elevated

severe dehydration

Blood typing

test that determines a person's blood type

Antigen

substances that help your body differentiate between its own cells and foreign, potentially dangerous.

Type A

has the antigen A and anti-body

Type B

B antigen and A anti-body

Type AB

has both A and B antigens; no anti-body

Type O

neither A and B; has both A or B anti-body

Forward typing
Reverse typing

2 types of blood typing

Forward Typing

Antigen

Reverse Typing

Antibody

1942

First record in blood transfusion.

Pope Innocent VIII (1492)

Earliest recorded transfusion.
As a remedy for an apoplectic stroke he suffered from, his physician advised a blood transfusion. The blood of 3 young boys was, by crude methods, transferred to the Pope. Donors and patient later all died.

Type O individuals

Can donate blood to anyone; blood has no antigens. Can only received the same type of blood.

Type A individuals

can donate to other type A individuals and type AB individuals; can receive blood only from other type A individuals and type O individuals.

Type B individuals

can donate blood to other B individuals and AB individuals. Type B individuals can receive blood only from type B individuals and type O individuals.

Type AB individuals

can give only to other AB individuals, but can receive blood of blood of any type.

Rh-positive

Can receive RH-positive and RH-negative blood

Rh-negative

can receive blood with the same RH.

Type O-

considered a universal donor

Karl Landsteiner

Austrian; discovered blood types in 1901

Short-draw/Bubbles

most common pre-analytical error

Blood glucose test

Blood test that mainly screens for diabetes by measuring the level of glucose in the blood.

leeching

bloodletting was like this before

Capillary blood glucose test

healthcare professional collects a drop- usually from fingertip prick.

Test strip and glucose meter

Involved in capillary blood glucose test, which show your blood sugar level within seconds.

Venous (plasma) blood glucose test

Phlebotomist collects a sample of blood from a vein (venipuncture)

8-10 hours

Hours of fasting in the hospital for blood glucose.

using a glucometer

at-home blood sugar testing

Continuous glucose monitoring devices (CGMs)

another option for at-home blood sugar testing

Glucose

simple sugar, mainly comes from carbohydrates in the food and drinks you consume.

Carbohydrates

body's main source of energy

Insulin

The hormone the pancreas makes is the most significant contributor to maintaining healthy blood sugar.

Hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose levels

Type 1 Diabetes

a type of diabetes where your pancreas that doesn't make any insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

a type of diabetes where your body isn't responding to the effects of insulin properly.

HbA1c/Glycosylated Glucose

reads glucose in 3 months span.

Lipids

second source of energy

Ketosis

process of burning fats in exchange for carbohydrates for energy source

hypoglycemia

other word for low blood sugar

Capillary Blood Glucose Test

Test that involves a test strip and glucose meter (glucometer)

70-100 per deciliter of blood

Approximate of blood glucose before meal.

Capillary blood glucose monitoring (CBGM)

plays an important part in achieving levels of diabetes control

Routine Urinalysis

Laboratory testing performed in urine samples.

1. Physical Examination
2. Chemical Test: Reagent Strip
3. Microscopic Examination

Parts of Routine Urinalysis

Physical Examination of Urine

First part of routine urinalysis; provides preliminary information to the physician. Includes color, transparency, specific gravity, odor and volume.

urinometer

Direct method for Specific gravity

reagent strip

indirect method for specific gravity

Color of Urine

roughly indicates the degree of hydration and should correlate with urine specific gravity

Urochrome, Uroerythrin, Urobilin

3 UR's

Urochrome

Major Pigment

Uroerythrin

attaches to the urates producing a pink color to the sediment

urobilin

Oxidation product of normal urinary constrituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange -brown color to urine that is not fresh.

Nabeculae

faint cloud in urine after standing due to WBCs, epithelial cells, and mucus

chemical examination

second part of urinalysis

3o sec; Double sequential enzymatic reaction; green to brown or yellow to green

Principle and reading time of Glucose

30 sec; Diazo Reaction; tan/pink to violet

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of of Bilirubin

40 sec; Sodium nitroprusside reaction; purple

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of Ketone

45 sec; pKa change of polyelectrolytes; blue(1.000=alkaline, green-yellow (1.030=acidic)

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of Specific Gravity

60 sec; double indicator system; orange at pH 5 through yellow and green to final deep blue at pH 9

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of pH

60 sec; protein error of indicator; various shades of green and finally blue

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of Protein

60 sec; pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin; negative yellow through green to strongly positive green-blue

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of blood

60 sec; Ehrlich's reaction; Multistix- light pink to dark pink, Chemstrip- white to pink

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of Urobilinogen

60 sec; Griess' Reaction; pink

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of Nitrite

60 sec; esterase reaction; purple

Reading time, principle, and color of reagent strip reaction of Leukocyte

Multistix

uses ehrlich's aldehyde in which react with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to produce colors ranging from light pink to dark pink

Chemstrip

incorporates an azocoupling (diazo) reaction using 4-methoxybenzene diazonium tetrafluoride to react with urobilinogen; more specific for urobilinogen than the Ehrlich reaction

beats per minute

unit for pulse rate

Clean, dry, leak-proof container

describe the container use to store stool