HDE 110- Ch 4 - Families & Social Class

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31 Terms

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categories

Introduction

Most sociologists interested in class as blank, in which ppl share a common set of circumstances & perspectives

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ladder view

Introduction

Which view of social class accentuates ppl’s status as individuals?

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box/categorical view

Introduction

Which view of social class highlight shared positions of ppl in groups, and the barriers between those groups, that make it difficult to climb?

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division of labor

Theories of Social Class

Differences regarding social class best understood through blank, which is the social process of determining who does the work & for what rewards

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consensus theorists, ladder

Theories of Social Class

These theorists believe inequality serves essential function

  • Some jobs more important & difficult; unequal rewards necessary to entice ppl to seek training

  • What type of perspective does this take? (Ladder/categorical)

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conflict perspective, exploitation, categorical, ownership

Theories of Social Class

This perspective believes that inequality result of economic blank, which is the process by which the labor of some producers wealth controlled by others

  • What type of perspective does this take? (Ladder/categorical)

    • What is it defined by?

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life chances

Theories of Social Class

A concept by Max Weber, which is the practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions & personal experiences

  • Describes opportunities avail to ppl in diff social classes, even if income diff from others in their class

  • Explains how social class works within fams

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social capital

Theories of Social Class

The access to resources one has by virtue of r-ships & connections within a social network

  • Pierre Bourdieu (developer) believed that families r only one such network, but perhaps most important one

  • Even ideas & knowledge can be considered resources

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high, professional, gen to gen, endogenously, social capital

Theories of Social Class

Families in Their Social Class

Generations of Wealth & Privilege

  • Group of connected fams full of ppl w/ blank salaries & blank jobs

  • Wealth, lifestyle, ed, & social connections passes from…

  • Usually marry blank

  • Huge blank

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movement, does not

Theories of Social Class

Families in Their Social Class

Generations in the Working Class

  • Little evidence of blank out of the working class

  • Social capital (does/ does not) provide improvement in life chances over gens

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class identity

Theories of Social Class

Families in Their Social Class

Family Networks

The awareness of, & sense of belonging to, a specific social class

  • Classes dev shared patterns of thinking & acting

  • Tends to be stronger w/ stronger class barriers

  • Most fams have connections only to those within same class

  • Few marry across tracks

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capitalist & corporate managerial

The American Class Structure

A class structure that has…

  • Extremely high standard of living

  • Economic & political influence far beyond their #’s

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middle class

The American Class Structure

A class structure that…

  • Historically had relatively stable jobs based on higher ed or technical skills & credentials 

  • Could meet basic needs such as health care & ed

  • Usually own homes

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working class

The American Class Structure

A class structure that…

  • Often lack higher ed o training of middle class 

  • Standard of living similar to that of middle class, but w/ much less stability 

  • Jobs, once based industries w/strong labor unions o gov protections, now less secure

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lower class

The American Class Structure

A class structure that…

  • Usually has no higher ed or skilled jobs

  • Low incomes

  • High degree of economic insecurity

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wealth inequality

The American Class Structure

Increasing Inequality

Which is greater, wealth inequality or income inequality? Why?

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gini index

The American Class Structure

Increasing Inequality

A measure of inequality in which 0 represents complete equality & 1 represents complete inequality

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economically, fall, single

The American Class Structure

Why Has Inequality Increased in the US?

  • Keeping the poor from advancing blank

    • The legal min wage set by fed gov allowed to blank as inflation eroded its value 

    • Growing # of blank-parent fams live only mother’s income

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divergent, manufacturing, service oriented, education

The American Class Structure

Why Has Inequality Increased in the US?

  • Blank fortunes for the middle class

    • Decline of blank sector hurt middle-income workers w/o college degree 

    • In new blank economy, those w/ higher ed doing much better 

    • More ppl marry at own blank level => exacerbates split between fams w/ 2 high earners & those w/ 2 low earners

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deregulation, reduced, corporate lobbying

The American Class Structure

Why Has Inequality Increased in the US?

  • The new superrich

    • Blank of finance industry 

    • Blank taxes on certain kinds of income earned by vv rich 

    • Relaxed restrictions on blank for such policies 

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poverty line

Poverty & Policy

The lvl of income below which the fed gov defines a fam o individual as poor

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more slowly, gov benefits, diff places

Poverty & Policy

What are some problems with using the poverty line to determine government assistance?

  • Price of food risen (more quickly/more slowly) than price of housing & med care - living on a food budget times three no longer adequate 

  • Calculation doesn’t include important blank that some low-income fams get, esp med assistance & tax credits 

  • Doesn’t take into account diff cost of living in blank

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supplemental poverty measure

Poverty & Policy

In light w/ problems w/ poverty line, gov researchers dev what?

  • Accounts for wider array of expenses, including housing & health care costs 

  • Also accounts for gov benefits & income from cohabiting partners 

  • Imperfect, but more realistic view of poverty

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2011, decreased, race/ethnicity, fam structure, old ppl, common, in and out

Poverty & Policy

Key Facts

  • Poverty has fallen dramatically since blank

  • Poverty (increased/decreased) during the pandemic - why?

  • Poverty remains concentrated by blank

  • Poverty closely related to blank (single parent, less ed, more children)

  • Poverty for blank dropped dramatically since 1960s - social security

  • Housing insecurity is (common/not common)

  • Many ppl move blank of poverty

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1/2, 8, millions

Poverty & Policy

Eviction

Sociologist Matthew Desmond reported that…

  • Most poor fams in rental market spend over blank income on housing expenses 

  • Out of such fams, 1 in blank unable to pay all rent in a yr 

  • Blank evicted each year, either legally or informally (forced moves)

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social mobility, less

The movement, up or down, between social classes

  • Compared w/ most other wealthy countries, US has (more/less) of this, including upward mobility

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social class persistence

Social Mobility & Class Persistence

The tendency of children to relive parents’ class status; usually maintained through inheritance

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higher, lower

Social Mobility & Class Persistence

Family Structure

Children living w/ married parents concentrated in blank income fams, while children living w/ single parent (often mother) skewed toward blank incomes

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money, time, social capital

Social Mobility & Class Persistence

Family Structure

Those growing up w/ a single parent face 3 kinds of scarcities that can make it more difficult to reach the middle & upper class. What are they?

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concerted cultivation

Social Mobility & Class Persistence

Family Practices

Middle class parents practice blank = an aggressive approach to parenting that makes constant efforts to dev children’s abilities

  • Children’s schedules filled w/ age-targeted activities designed to stimulate cognitive & social dev 

  • Parents teach their children to engage directly w/ professional adults in their lives

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accomplishment of natural growth

Social Mobility & Class Persistence

Family Practices

Working class & poor parents practice blank = see children’s successful dev as a natural outcome of protection, comfort, & care

  • Permit their children to play informally, spending more time in mixed-age grps of relatives o friends in neighborhood 

  • Parents less assertive interacting w/ authority figures, often deferring to decision making of professionals