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Introduction
Most sociologists interested in class as blank, in which ppl share a common set of circumstances & perspectives
ladder view
Introduction
Which view of social class accentuates ppl’s status as individuals?
box/categorical view
Introduction
Which view of social class highlight shared positions of ppl in groups, and the barriers between those groups, that make it difficult to climb?
division of labor
Theories of Social Class
Differences regarding social class best understood through blank, which is the social process of determining who does the work & for what rewards
consensus theorists, ladder
Theories of Social Class
These theorists believe inequality serves essential function
Some jobs more important & difficult; unequal rewards necessary to entice ppl to seek training
What type of perspective does this take? (Ladder/categorical)
conflict perspective, exploitation, categorical, ownership
Theories of Social Class
This perspective believes that inequality result of economic blank, which is the process by which the labor of some producers wealth controlled by others
What type of perspective does this take? (Ladder/categorical)
What is it defined by?
life chances
Theories of Social Class
A concept by Max Weber, which is the practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions & personal experiences
Describes opportunities avail to ppl in diff social classes, even if income diff from others in their class
Explains how social class works within fams
social capital
Theories of Social Class
The access to resources one has by virtue of r-ships & connections within a social network
Pierre Bourdieu (developer) believed that families r only one such network, but perhaps most important one
Even ideas & knowledge can be considered resources
high, professional, gen to gen, endogenously, social capital
Theories of Social Class
Families in Their Social Class
Generations of Wealth & Privilege
Group of connected fams full of ppl w/ blank salaries & blank jobs
Wealth, lifestyle, ed, & social connections passes from…
Usually marry blank
Huge blank
movement, does not
Theories of Social Class
Families in Their Social Class
Generations in the Working Class
Little evidence of blank out of the working class
Social capital (does/ does not) provide improvement in life chances over gens
class identity
Theories of Social Class
Families in Their Social Class
Family Networks
The awareness of, & sense of belonging to, a specific social class
Classes dev shared patterns of thinking & acting
Tends to be stronger w/ stronger class barriers
Most fams have connections only to those within same class
Few marry across tracks
capitalist & corporate managerial
The American Class Structure
A class structure that has…
Extremely high standard of living
Economic & political influence far beyond their #’s
middle class
The American Class Structure
A class structure that…
Historically had relatively stable jobs based on higher ed or technical skills & credentials
Could meet basic needs such as health care & ed
Usually own homes
working class
The American Class Structure
A class structure that…
Often lack higher ed o training of middle class
Standard of living similar to that of middle class, but w/ much less stability
Jobs, once based industries w/strong labor unions o gov protections, now less secure
lower class
The American Class Structure
A class structure that…
Usually has no higher ed or skilled jobs
Low incomes
High degree of economic insecurity
wealth inequality
The American Class Structure
Increasing Inequality
Which is greater, wealth inequality or income inequality? Why?
gini index
The American Class Structure
Increasing Inequality
A measure of inequality in which 0 represents complete equality & 1 represents complete inequality
economically, fall, single
The American Class Structure
Why Has Inequality Increased in the US?
Keeping the poor from advancing blank
The legal min wage set by fed gov allowed to blank as inflation eroded its value
Growing # of blank-parent fams live only mother’s income
divergent, manufacturing, service oriented, education
The American Class Structure
Why Has Inequality Increased in the US?
Blank fortunes for the middle class
Decline of blank sector hurt middle-income workers w/o college degree
In new blank economy, those w/ higher ed doing much better
More ppl marry at own blank level => exacerbates split between fams w/ 2 high earners & those w/ 2 low earners
deregulation, reduced, corporate lobbying
The American Class Structure
Why Has Inequality Increased in the US?
The new superrich
Blank of finance industry
Blank taxes on certain kinds of income earned by vv rich
Relaxed restrictions on blank for such policies
poverty line
Poverty & Policy
The lvl of income below which the fed gov defines a fam o individual as poor
more slowly, gov benefits, diff places
Poverty & Policy
What are some problems with using the poverty line to determine government assistance?
Price of food risen (more quickly/more slowly) than price of housing & med care - living on a food budget times three no longer adequate
Calculation doesn’t include important blank that some low-income fams get, esp med assistance & tax credits
Doesn’t take into account diff cost of living in blank
supplemental poverty measure
Poverty & Policy
In light w/ problems w/ poverty line, gov researchers dev what?
Accounts for wider array of expenses, including housing & health care costs
Also accounts for gov benefits & income from cohabiting partners
Imperfect, but more realistic view of poverty
2011, decreased, race/ethnicity, fam structure, old ppl, common, in and out
Poverty & Policy
Key Facts
Poverty has fallen dramatically since blank
Poverty (increased/decreased) during the pandemic - why?
Poverty remains concentrated by blank
Poverty closely related to blank (single parent, less ed, more children)
Poverty for blank dropped dramatically since 1960s - social security
Housing insecurity is (common/not common)
Many ppl move blank of poverty
1/2, 8, millions
Poverty & Policy
Eviction
Sociologist Matthew Desmond reported that…
Most poor fams in rental market spend over blank income on housing expenses
Out of such fams, 1 in blank unable to pay all rent in a yr
Blank evicted each year, either legally or informally (forced moves)
social mobility, less
The movement, up or down, between social classes
Compared w/ most other wealthy countries, US has (more/less) of this, including upward mobility
social class persistence
Social Mobility & Class Persistence
The tendency of children to relive parents’ class status; usually maintained through inheritance
higher, lower
Social Mobility & Class Persistence
Family Structure
Children living w/ married parents concentrated in blank income fams, while children living w/ single parent (often mother) skewed toward blank incomes
money, time, social capital
Social Mobility & Class Persistence
Family Structure
Those growing up w/ a single parent face 3 kinds of scarcities that can make it more difficult to reach the middle & upper class. What are they?
concerted cultivation
Social Mobility & Class Persistence
Family Practices
Middle class parents practice blank = an aggressive approach to parenting that makes constant efforts to dev children’s abilities
Children’s schedules filled w/ age-targeted activities designed to stimulate cognitive & social dev
Parents teach their children to engage directly w/ professional adults in their lives
accomplishment of natural growth
Social Mobility & Class Persistence
Family Practices
Working class & poor parents practice blank = see children’s successful dev as a natural outcome of protection, comfort, & care
Permit their children to play informally, spending more time in mixed-age grps of relatives o friends in neighborhood
Parents less assertive interacting w/ authority figures, often deferring to decision making of professionals