APHug Unit 5 list 2

Bid-rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Labor intensive

Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense.

Factory farming

when animals are used for meat or dairy products but are kept indoors in very small places

Aquaculture (aquafarming)

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Intercropping (multi-cropping)

when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field

Monoculture

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

Monocropping

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety

Feedlots

Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Economies of scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

Carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Cool chains

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

Location theory

A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.

Von Thunen theory

The model for agricultural land use affected by cost of land and cost of transportation

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

bid-price curve (bid-rent curve)

can be used to determine the starting position for each land use relative to the market, as well as where each land use would end.

Free-market economy

an economic system in which decisions on the three key economic questions are based on voluntary exchange in markets

Comparative advantage

the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Supply chain

the connected chain of all of the business entities, both internal and external to the company, that perform or support the logistics function

Luxury crops

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Fairtrade movement

Farmers and producers are paid a fair price for their good, resulting in better wages. They also provide housing and education.

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Terrace farming

a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain

Irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

Deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

Blue revolution

New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems.

Value-added farming

occurs when farmers process their crops into high-value products, rather than simply selling it as it comes from the field

Food insecurity

a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

Food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

infrastructure

the basic framework of a building or a system