socials units 3&4 combined

⭐(star = most important), does not include road to wwii, thanks amy

who is considered the founder of the league of nations? why?

woodrow wilson because:

-he was the first leader to make the idea of an association of nations popular

-he insisted on including the Covenant of the League of Nations in the peace treaties of wwi

at what conference was the league of nations established?

paris peace conferences

⭐ what were the three objectives of the league of nations?

1. international cooperation

2. arbitration

3. collective security

⭐ what is arbitration?

arbitration is a process by which quarrelling parties submit their dispute to a third party for ruling

how did members of the league of nations commit to arbitration?

they promised not to go to war until they first had submitted their disputes to arbitration

⭐ what is collective security?

all participating nations view an attack by an aggressor on one country as an attack on all countries - this is done with the aim to stop aggression and war

⭐ how did the league of nations enforce collective security?

by enforcing economic restrictions called sanctions

⭐ what were the reasons the league of nations failed?

1. never represented the whole community of nations - ex. us senate didn't pass the league of nations so they never joined

2. insufficient power over offenders

what impact did the league have on international relations?

it gave a sense of temporary optimism which led people to believe that all wars could be prevented

⭐ what were the immediate aftereffects of wwi on canada?

1. soldiers stuck in europe due to shipping issues, making them unhappy

2. veterans were compensated poorly and wanted more

3. soldiers had ptsd and trouble adjusting to normal jobs after the horrors of war

4. struggling families were now missing a source of income - 10% of men were lost to war

how did wwi affect french-english relations?

the conscription crisis created resentments that would change french-english relations forever. negatively.

what kind of inventions were created in canada in the 1920s?

snowmobiles, insulin, commercial flights, radio, automobiles, airplanes

how did immigration change during the interwar years?

-1919 amendment of the immigration act excluded people from enemy countries and focused on american and british immigrants

-1923 chinese exclusion act

⭐ name milestones of canadian independence

-paris peace conference & treaty of versailles, 1919

-chanak crisis, 1922

-halibut treaty, 1923

-imperial conference, 1926

-statute of westminster, 1931

-british commonwealth

⭐ how did the paris peace conferences and the treaty of versailles affect canadian independence?

canada had its own seat in the league of nations, separate from britain aka not considered a dominion - plus they signed the tov as an independent nation. this was one of the first steps toward canada's independence

what was the chanak crisis?

-british sent troops to turkey because they feared a turkish invasion of the british-controlled chanak port which would give turkey access to the mediterranean and all of europe

-pm mackenzie king refused to support britain w/o approval from canadian parliament - first time canada refused unconditional support for british imperial war policies

what was the halibut treaty?

-canada and us signed a treaty for protection of halibut off the coast of bc and alaska - never approved

-process of negotiation and signing was a step toward canadian autonomy bc it was the first time a canadian treaty was not signed by a british ambassador

what is the imperial conference?

-a meeting of countries at which canada made it known they were in no way subordinate to britain

-balfour report acknowledged canada was autonomous and the governor general was only a representative of the monarch

⭐ what is the statute of westminster?

the document which legally recognized canada as an autonomous dominion and specified it was allowed to make its own laws

⭐ how is the british commonwealth important to canadian independence?

after the statute of westminster, canada became a sovereign state as part of the british commonwealth of nations - a commonwealth of free and equal states including britain and its former colonies

⭐ what event led to the red scare in canada?

1917 russian revolution by the communist bolsheviks led by lenin

⭐ what was the red scare?

a fear of the spread of communism brought on by the russian revolution

what are trade unions?

groups of workers that tried to improve pay and working conditions

why did canadian workers form trade unions?

-1919 workers had no unemployment insurance, no pension, no compensation for injuries

-inflation post wwi increased cost of living while wages stayed stagnant

-workers joined together to gain improved housing, job training programs, and higher pay

why were trade unions necessary?

-profit motive incentivizes employers to underpay workers and fire them if they ask for more

-trade unions allow workers to organize and enter collective bargaining with employers so their demands are heard

what is a strike?

a tool used by unions in the bargaining process. workers in the union refuse to go into work until changes are made

⭐ what was the winnipeg general strike?

1919 strike that started with 30,000 people in winnipeg's building and metal trades union

-soon expanded to other cities (vancouver, toronto, and montreal) and spread to all industries in winnipeg

-all public services shut down - caused fear of a communist revolution

⭐ what was the government response to the winnipeg general strike?

-banned parades and demonstrations

-sent troops with machine guns to winnipeg

-raided the homes of union leaders and arrested strike leaders

-changed criminal code so anyone who was born outside of canada and was suspected of trying to cause a revolution could be arrested and deported w/o trial (unconstitutional! signified fear of communism)

⭐ what happened at bloody saturday?

1919 violent gathering in winnipeg

-parade protesting the arrest of general strike leaders

-overturned a streetcar and set it on fire

-police charged the crowd and killed 1 man, injured 30, and arrested hundreds

⭐ what were the consequences of the winnipeg general strike?

-strikers faced financial loss and some lost jobs

-drew attention to social and economic problems of working class

what was the king-byng crisis?

1925 federal election

-conservatives won more seats than liberals but liberals + progressives made up the majority and the progressives supported liberal mackenzie king so king refused to resign as pm

-1926 kind is afraid he is losing progressive support so he asks governor general byng to dissolve parliament

-byng refuses so king resigns

-conservative pm loses a vote, election is called, king is back in pm

⭐ why is the king-byng crisis important?

first time the governor general outright refused the request of a prime minister to dissove parliament

how did the role of women change during the roaring 20s?

-women had more control over their lives

-had fewer clothing restrictions and could do more "scandalous" activities

-were able to do more jobs and sports that previously only men could do

what is meant by the term, collective security?

collective security means that all participating nations view an attack by an aggressor on one country as an attack on all countries

why is president woodrow wilson considered the founder of the league of nations?

he was the first leader to make popular the idea of an association of nations, and he was the one who insisted on the inclusion of the covenant of the league of nations in all the peace treaties of wwi

why is the process of arbitration an important function of the league of nations?

arbitration helps to preserve peace by forcing quarrelling prties to submit their disputes to a third party for a ruling. This makes it easier for nations with competing interests to compromise

how did the league of nations hope to halt aggression?

the league of nations hoped to avoid the use of arms by imposing economic sanctions. economic sanctions refer to the practice of stopping specific trade relations with an offending country

outline two reasons for the failure of the league of nations

-the membership of the league never represented the whole community of nations (originally excluded germany and the soviet union, and the us refused membership)

-had no adequate means to enforce its will on offenders

in what sense did the league of nations have an impact on international relations during the interwar years?

in some countries the league contributed to a general sense of optimism, which led people to believe that all wars could be prevented. as events unfolded, however, the league had less impact and a sense of fatalism followed

in what sense were world leaders short sighted when responding to the depression?

world leaders did not realize the extent to which national economies had become international in nature. in addition, most countries were unwilling to adopt a radical strategy to combat this widespread economic disaster. the leaders simply did not see how severe the depression would be.

explain how president hoover's policies affected the extent to which the depression hit the usa

president hoover did not believe that the government should be highly involved in the economy. he refused to introduce any relief measures, which would have softened the impact of the depression

what election promise convinced the people to elect franklin roosevelt?

roosevelt planned to introduce a set of relief programs, called the new deal, which would help put americans back to work

what radical solution did john maynard keynes propose in response to the depression?

keynes proposed that governments should spend their way out of the depression by borrowing money and spending this money on huge employment projects. this process is called deficit financing

an important part of keynes' plan included the point that employment programs should not merely be "make-work". explain what this means.

keynes believed that all employment programs should be of value, which means that they should actually accomplish something that will help the country's economy

why were countries reluctant to adopt keynesian economics?

most countries ignored keynes' new ideas because they subscribed to adam smith's beliefs that the government should play little or no role in the economy. many countries took al ong time to acknowledge the value of government involvement, as it contradicted their long-standing economic beliefs

describe what a "general" strike looks like

in a general strike, all services are shut down. this means that stores and factories are closed and all public transportation, garbage collection, postal services, etc. cease. many people picket, and the entire atmosphere of the city is disrupted

how did the canadian government respond to the general strike?

the canadian government changed the criminal code and made it possible to arrest and deport anyone, without a hearing or trial, who was born outside of canada and was suspected of trying to cause a revolution

what is significant about these actions?

the actions of the canadian government during the winnipeg general strike would now go against our charter of rights and freedoms. the ability to arrest and deport without a trial is an infringement on an individual's right to a fair trial. this showed the extent to which the canadian government was afraid of communism - they would violate humanitarian standards

what happened on bloody saturday?

on bloody saturday, a crowd watching a protest parade ended up overturning a streetcar and setting it on fire. The police responded by charging the crowd. one man was killed, 30 were injured, and hundreds were arrested

what were some lasting effects of the winnipeg general strike?

the strike drew people's attention to the social and economic problems of the times. in addition, labour leaders became more involved in politics and pro-worker political parties became more popular

what event in europe inspired the formation of some canadian trade unions?

the bolshevik revolution in russia helped to trigger the onset of trade unions in canada.

what did the bolsheviks believe about the production and distribution of goods?

the bolsheviks believed that everyone in a community should own and control the production and distribution of goods - not just factory owners

what scared some canadians about the revolution in russia?

some canadians were scared that russian communism might spread to canada?

what was the term for the fear of communism?

the red scare

what were the benefits of forming trade unions?

trade unions could help to achieve higher pay for workers, better job training programs, and improved housing. they also advocated for unemployment insurance, workers' compensation, and pension plans

why were workers in the winnipeg general strike forced to strike in order to make their demands heard?

because no process existed for employers to bargain with the employee representatives

what did the striking workers want?

higher wages, 8 hour workday, and the right to bargain collectively for better working conditions

⭐ (star = most important) what does laissez-faire mean?

a "hands off" type of economic policy where the government does not interfere with the economy at all. was used in canada before and during wwi but it could not be restored after wwi

what is revenue?

money taken in by the government - taxes, custom duties, etc

what is expenditure?

any money spent by the government

what is budget?

a totalled plan for annual revenue and expenditures for the government

what is a balanced budget?

a budget where revenue and expenditures are equal

what is a deficit?

when a government's budget has more expenditures than revenue. E-R=D

what is currency?

actual money used in a country. value used to be determined by national wealth of gold or silver, now is based on other stuff like national debt and relative value to other countries

⭐ what is a market economy?

an economy where individual producers and consumers determine the prices, and goods and services are exchanged for money to the profit of the seller

⭐ what is supply and demand?

-supply = the availability of a given product

-demand = how badly people want the product

-these determine prices - higher demand = higher prices, higher supply = lower prices, and vice versa

what is the business cycle?

a pattern of economic fluctuations that is characteristic of market economies. this happens every five years or so

⭐ what is a recession?

a period in which economic activity is on the decline

⭐ what is a depression?

a deep, prolonged recession

⭐ describe economic booms and busts and how they relate to depressions

economic booms are periods of extreme prosperity and are often followed by a serious downturn called a bust. this often leads to a depression

⭐ what were the causes of the great depression?

-overproduction

-reliance on exporting staples

-dependence on usa

-economic protection and tariffs

-international debt post wwi

-stock market crash

describe the overproduction that led to the great depression

-wwi increased production - profits were reinvested in industries and production outpaced demand

-too many unsold products, which caused panic - production slowed and workers were laid off

-unemployment = poorer consumers = less sales = more unemployment....

describe canada's reliance on staple exports that led up to the great depression

-canada relied on the export of basic staple products like timber, crops, and minerals to keep the economy strong

-which meant that any decline in foreign economies would hurt canada

describe canada's reliance on the usa

canada relied on exports to keep its economy strong, and 40% of its exports went to the us which meant that if the us economy declined, canada would be soon to follow

what are tariffs?

duties collected on goods coming into a country (imports)

what is protectionism?

protecting domestic industry from competition of foreign goods through tariffs

describe the economic protectionism and tariffs that led up to the great depression

-usa didn't need natural resources from other countries so they implemented protectionist tariffs

-other countries lost their export markets, had to raise tariffs to protect industry

-cycle repeats

describe the international debt post wwi

-us lent money to countries in wwi

-countries relied on selling exports to the us so they could repay their debt

-us protectionism reduced international trade so now countries were struggling to pay back their debt

⭐what is black tuesday?

black tuesday, october 29, 1929

-the day the stock market crashed and sent canada into the great depression

⭐ describe what happened on black tuesday

-overproduction, over reliance on usa, and dependence on failing wheat exports led to a decline in stock prices

-investors lost confidence in their stocks so they sold them all

-less demand meant stock prices plummeted

-cycle continued and stocks became basically worthless

describe the banking failures during the great depression

-businesses and farms that owed money to banks went bankrupt and couldn't repay loans

-banks went bankrupt and seized property

-bankrupt banks = people's life savings gone

-governments then bail the banks out by going into debt

⭐who was john maynard keynes?

a british economist who proposed radical solutions to the depression

what were world leaders' initial responses to the depression?

-increased tariffs

-cost-cutting

-NO relief measures

⭐what was the new deal? (usa)

a plan that franklin roosevelt promised to implement if he was elected. this was a set of relief programs meant to put americans back to work

⭐what is deficit financing?

-the idea that governments should borrow money during the depression, to be repaid after the economy recovered

-spend the money on employment projects and modernizing infrastructure

⭐what is pogey?

-a depression-era welfare program that provided vouchers to poor people who qualified

-let them exchange for food or other essentials

-pogey value was lower than lowest paying jobs so people didn't freeload

-this caused people to starve and die

what was prime minister mackenzie king's response to the depression?

to not do anything... he got voted out

⭐what were unemployment relief camps?

-labor camps established by prime minister bennet to alleviate the depression

-single unemployed men worked on public projects like roads for $0.20 plus room and board

⭐what was bennett's new deal?

a plan implemented by prime minister bennet to solve some problems of the depression. notable changes were progressive taxation, minimum wage, and unemployment insurance

what were the pros and cons of bennett's new deal?

pro: laid the foundation for the modern social safety net

con: too little, too late and did not address unemployment

⭐what were the consequences of the great depression?

-unemployment

-banking failures

-political consequences

-changing role of govmt

⭐what is employment insurance?

money from the government to help people who are laid off so that they can meet their basic needs while they look for a new job

-ensure that the demand for goods in society does not decrease so economy still works

what were the political consequences of the great depression?

-desperate people began to seek radical change and there was a possible threat of revolution

-formation of new political parties in canada - ndp and social credit party

how did the role of government change after the great depression?

-began to take a more active role in caring for the poor - no more laissez faire

-govmt manages economy through tax policy, interest rates, and adjustments to govmt spending

what were the conditions of europe like leading up to ww2?

-both sides unsatisfied with the treaty of versailles (france scared of germany, italy and germany felt cheated)

-economic struggles of the 1920s

-economic depression in the 1930s

what were the conditions of the pacific like leading up to ww2?

-japan run by the military and governed by warlords

-had the goal of establishing an empire through conquest

⭐what is totalitarianism?

a power structure in which there is a single dictator with absolute control. totalitarian dictatorship is considered the opposite of direct democracy

⭐what are the characteristics of a totalitarian dictatorship?

-has one leader with absolute power

-only one ideology is allowed

-secret police used to instill terror in people

-no dissent allowed, denied human rights

-controlled with censorship and propaganda

-left only freedom of thought

name some examples of totalitarian dictators from ww2

benito mussolini, adolf hitler, joseph stalin

what was the italian attitude towards democracy at this time?

-negative - viewed it as weak and ineffective

-blamed democratic leaders for bad deal at paris peace conferences, italy's bad economy, and the inability to stabilize everyday life