Psyclearn 3 Mastering the Content

A research team is conducting a study in which they must collect participants' blood samples. To minimize risks, the research team ensures that their staff is well-trained, and provides the participants with safety recommendations such as drinking plenty of fluids before the blood draw. Here, the research team is guided by the ethical principle of

Beneficence

Which of these terms describe a set of principles agreed upon by a group?

ethics

Which of these was a practice in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Participants were not treated for syphilis.

Which of these is not one of the core principles for ethical research in The Belmont Report?

Fidelity and Responsibility

Which of the following is not a reason why codes of ethics are established in a profession?

To establish guidelines for membership to the organization.

The APA Ethical Principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence mean

protection from harm.

What is the relationship between the APA Ethical Principles and Ethical Standards?

Standards are specific applications of the principles.

Which of these is(are) required by the IRB when gaining informed consent from a participant?

Participants must be able to make a voluntary choice to participate.

Which of the following would not be a violation of an APA Ethical Standard?

A researcher initially deceives a participant to conceal the true purpose of the study.

What is the general principle that psychologists should build trust, conduct their business professionally, cooperate with other psychologists, and provide responsible services?

Fidelity and responsibility

Often a participant must be deceived to hide a study's true purpose and to avoid biased responding. In these cases

debriefing is required before the study is concluded.

Dr. Xang told participants that they were taking part in a memory study and explained the general procedures and risks and benefits to them, instead of presenting them with a formal informed consent form. This would be a violation of the APA Ethical Standard of informed consent because the

participants were not told they had the right to withdraw at any time.

When obtaining informed consent, which of the following would not be considered a vulnerable participant?

An adult over the age of 65

When can a participant withdraw from a research study?

At any time

Deception occurs when

the information initially provided to the participants is incomplete or inaccurate.

When must IRB review occur?

Before the study begins

The main goal of an IRB is to

make sure there is no harm to participants.

To protect the confidentiality of participant data, a researcher could

store participant data with a code number instead of participant names.

Which of the following is true of a research study that involves potential risks to participants?

A full IRB review of the goals and methods is required

Who on this list is not a mandated member of an IRB panel?

A member of the clergy

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 2011) recommends what three strategies to make ethical decisions regarding animal research, known as the three Rs?

Replacement, refinement, and reduction

Which of these is the recommendation that researchers should consider methods that avoid using vertebrate animals when invertebrates or computer models are available?

Replacement

Which of these is the recommendation that researchers should consider methods that maximize the information acquired for each research animal while reducing the number of animals?

Reduction

Before any research with nonhuman animals may begin

the research proposal must be approved by the IACUC.

Which of these is the recommendation that researchers should use procedures that minimize harm and enhance well-being of the animals used in research?

Refinement

What is the best way to prevent plagiarism and fraud in research?

Education and training

Which of these is an example of fraud?

Distorting data analysis and misreporting results.

To avoid plagiarism, you should do all of the following except

never quote verbatim text from a source.

The APA may recommend a penalty for a member who has committed plagiarism or fraud. Which of these is not an example of a possible penalty?

Prohibition of all research activities

Which of these is not an example of fraud?

Striving to replicate research

During Milgram's research, when a participant expressed concern about continuing with the study, the experimenter would repeatedly urge the participant to continue. This technique violates a participant's

right to withdraw.

How might gene editing violate the APA ethical principle of justice?

If only wealthy individuals can afford gene editing procedures

Milgram's study would not be approved in its original form by an IRB today because

it caused a large amount of psychological stress to participants.

Applying gene editing techniques to human embryos may violate the APA ethical principle of beneficence because

it may not always provide a clear benefit to the recipient of the treatment.

The methods of the identical triplet study were not ethical. Could a researcher study the effects of nature and nurture on development with identical twins in an ethically responsible way?

Yes, by using methods that would have IRB approval and providing participants (or their caregivers) with informed consent.