Diversity - Exam Review

Taxonomic Categories

Taxonomic Categories

Domain (least specific)

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species (most specific)

Species

a set of animals or plants, members of which have similar characteristics to each other and which can breed with each other

Taxonomy

the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species

Binomial Nomenclature

two part name called the 'species/scientific name

Genus name species name (Castor canadensis)

Prokaryotic

an organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles (Bateria and Archaea)

Eukaryotic

an organism whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)

3 Domains

1. Bateria (Prokaryotic)

2. Archaea (Prokaryotic)

3. Eukarya (Eukaryotic)

Characteristics of Kingdoms

Dichotomous key

A system for narrowing down the identification of a specimen, one step at a time

Sexual

organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique

Asexual

one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring

Autotroph

an organism that obtains energy by making its own food

Heterotrophs

an organism that cannot make its own food and consumes other organisms to obtain energy

Genetic diversity

the range of different inherited traits within a species

Ecosystem diversity

all the different habitats that exist.

Species diversity

the variety of different species.

Virus

A virus is a pathogen that can cause an individual to develop an illness.

Capsid

the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material

lytic cycle

-cycle where viruses inject their DNA or RNA into a host cell

-host cell mistakes virus for food particles

-the cell makes copies of the virus and causes the cell membrane to burst

-kills host cells within minutes of infection)

lysogenic cycle

-longer cycle that viruses inject their DNA or RNA into a host cell

-genetic material stays hidden

-when the host cell makes new cells, it copies the viruses genetic material

DNA

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

RNA

70% of viruses - covid 19

molecules that are present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. It is made up of nucleotides, which are ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups.

provirus

a form of a virus that is integrated into the genetic material of a host cell and by replicating with it can be transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis.

retrovirus

type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades

reverse transcriptase:

a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into DNA

host chromosome

living thing that is capable of getting infected by a virus

Coccus

a bacterium with a rounded or spherical shape

Bacillus

a bacterium with a rod-like shape

Binary Fission

the cell divides itself into two, equal, identical parts with the same DNA

Conjugation

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

Endosymbiosis

one organism (endosymbiont) living inside of cell of another organism (host) for their mutual benefit

Host cell

a cell that engulfs another cell

Endosymbiont

a cell that is engulfed by another cell in endosymbiosis

Parasite

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

Pseudopod

a temporary growth on a cell that allows it to be mobile, almost like a little foot

Cilium

a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell

Flagellum

an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy that provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby

Gametophyte

the individual or generation of plants or fungi with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produces gametes

Sporophyte

the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or algae which produces asexual spores

Cone

contains the reproductive organs of certain nonflowering plants. the cone has distinguishing features of pines and other conifers

Flower

reproduction structure designed to encourage pollination (sperm (pollen) and eggs meet, once they meet they can make the seeds that can turn into fruits later on) - angiosperms

Fruit

Fertilization of sperm and egg creates fruit that contain seeds. - gymnosperms

Mono/Dicot

two major types of flowering plants

mono: 1 cotyledons

dicot: 2 cotyledons

Hypha

a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus

Mycelium

the main body of the fungus

Lichen

any of numerous plant like living things made up of an alga and a fungus growing together on a solid surface (as a rock or a tree)

Invertebrate/Vertebrates

Invertebrates: animals without a backbone

Vertebrates: animals with backbone

Radial/Bilateral Symmetry

Radial: plant and animal symmetry in which similar parts are arranged in a balanced way around the center of the body

Bilateral: a form of symmetry in which the opposite sides of the body are similar.

Segmentation

the division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetitive segments

Polyp:

a projecting growth of tissue from a surface in the body, usually a mucous membrane.

Medusa:

one of two principal body types occurring in members of the invertebrate animal phylum Cnidaria. It is the typical form of the jellyfish.

Exoskeleton

a hard, protective covering located on the exterior of an animal

Tetrapod

a four legged vertebrate

Ecto/Endothermy

Ectotherm: cold blooded animal

Endotherm: warm blooded animal

Mammary Gland

the gland that produces milk in mammals