module two quiz

dat250

kantianism

people’s actions ought to be guided by moral laws, which are univeral and applicable to everyone (imperatives)

hypothetical imperative

a concept in kantianism known as a conditional rule; “if you want X, then do Y”

categorical imperative (moral imperative)

a concept in kantianism known as a rule that will always apply

first formation of categorical imperative

act only from moral rules that you can at the same time will to be universal moral laws

second formation of categorical imperative

act so that you always treat both yourself and other people as ends in themselves, not only as means to an end (it’s wrong to “use” someone")

social contract theory

morality consists in the set of rules, governing how people are to treat one another, that rational people will agree to accept, for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others follow those rules as well

• similar to kantianism

virtue ethics

a right action is one that a virtuous person, acting in character, would do under the same circumstances

• a virtuous person is someone who possesses and lives out the virtues

• the virtues are those character traits humans need in order to flourish and be truly happy

principle of utility

an action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) the total happiness of the affected parties

act utilitarianism

an action is good if its net effort (overall affected beings) is to produce more happiness than unhappiness

rule utilitarianism

we ought to adopt those moral rules that, if followed by everyone, produces the greatest overall good

divine command theory

idea that good actions are aligned with the will of God, and bad actions are those contrary to the will of God

censorship

the attempt to suppress or regulate public access to material considered offensive or harmful

direct censorship

relies on an external force from a governing power

• government monopolization (soviet union governmental control)

• prepublication review (government secret; nuclear weapons program)

• licensing and registration (radio and television stations obtain a license to air)

self censorship

a group deciding for itself not to publish material

freedom of expression

congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances

• first amendment of the constitution

data ethics

the norms of behavior that promote appropriate judgements and accountability when acquiring, managing, or using data

• goals of protecting civil liberties, minimizing risks to individuals and society, and maximizing the public good

data science

the practice of mining large data sets of raw data, both structured and unstructured, to identify patterns and extract insight

• a subset of AI

artificial intelligence

getting a computer to mimic human behavior

1. business understanding

2. data mining

3. data cleaning

4. data exploitation

5. feature engineering

6. predictive modeling

7. data visualization

data science life cycle

big data

high-volume, velocity, and variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making

structured data

a type of data that can be processed, stored, and retrieved in a fixed format

• 5-10%

• the employee table in a company database (organized by name, identification number, etc.)

unstructured data

a type of data that lacks any specific form or structure whatsoever

• 80%

• email

semi-structured data

a type of data that contains unstructured data within a structure

• 5-10%

• tweets organized by hashtag