World Zimbabwe Unit

Rhodesia Native Association 1919

Rhodesia Bantu Voters

• small African elite

• cooperation with white settlers in return for privileges

• did not succeed, narrow support base

Industrial Comercial Union 1926

• all African workers

• Robert sambo

• mobilized mass meetings and public denouncments of government

• challenged apartheid

• Robert sambo was deported and remaing were arrested

Watch Tower Movement, American Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)

• zimbabweans

• Richard Allen

• political priets against colonialism

• hate pass laws and taxation

• strike of 1927

• apolisitc church was banned in 1839

• 1936 sedition act

• based in religion and was ineffective

The Rhodesian Railway African Employees Association 1944

• Bulawayo 1945 Railroad Strike

• African workers

• 80 percent of Zimbabweans strike

• resist management plants to reduce over time pay/wages

• colonial gov promises to set up commission

• small wage increase

• popular movement

Bulawayo Municipal African Employees Association 1948

• municipal workers

• African

• strike

• protest 10% wage increase

• first general strike

• Industrial Condition Act 1959

• permited African workers from joining unions

City Youth League 1955

• african s

• confrontational politics

• radical

• colonial government threatens to make admin of native areas impossible

• banned the party

Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 1958

• Joshua Nkomo

• Africans

• mobilize Africans against Native Land Husbandry Act

• destroying unpopular government soil conservation

• first African national party

National Democratic Party 1960

• formed in banning of ANC

• first time new party demands majority rule

• confrontational

• banned 1961

Inter RAcial Association and the Capricorn African Society

• white led multiracial popular amongst African elite

• tea parties

• equal rights for civililzed men

• denounced segregation/african nationalism

• extension of vote and education

• southern Rhodesia pm Garfield Todol removed from power

• realized multiracial partnership could not be changed

Zimbabwe AFrican People’s Union ZAPU 1961

• formed in banning of NDP

• mass rallies

• confrontational with demonstrations

• 1960s take Pass Law/Order Maintenance ACt with wide pours of arrest

• detention to security agencies

• militant group = ZIRPA

Zimbabwe African National Union 1963

• broke away from ZAPU

• Sithole and Mugabe

• more militant

• split causes = turmoil

• banned in 1962

• militant group = ZANLA

Rhodeisa as a self governing colony

• becomes self governing 1923

• white minority rule

• white settlers oppose BASC rule: referendum

Land Apportionment Act 1930

• divided land between white and black

• white get over half of land

• African need passes to leave reserves: econ crisis for black farmers

Bledisloe Commission 1939

• econ interdependence of three states(copper

• Union= extension of segregation

WW2

• self determination gave black people hope

• whites hope contribition to war would allow to stay colonized

• econ bloom= increase in demand for labor

Land Husbandry Act 1951

• divided land to own individuallyy by only widows or adult males

• force those without land to work in towns

Central African Federation

Causes:

• ww2 revives idea of white Union

• Africans oppose white controlled state

Effects:

• federal parliament

• s Rhodesian have white electors

• boom in south rhodesia on white immigration

Early Black Nationalist

pre war:

• welfare associations for edu/social

• industrial ocmmers=cial workers unions

Challenges:

• africans on white owned reserves

• african schools focus on teachin basic literacy/practical subjects

• poor standard of education

• segregation with Godfrey Huggins as PM

CAF = broken up

• eary African fear from Nyasaland about minority rule extending g

• protests in Nyasaland becomes Malawi under Nadla

• northern Rhodesia froms Zambia ANC under Kaunda

• 1963 dissolves

• GB fears protests will become violent

Unilateral Declaration of Independence

• S Rhodesia needs majority rule to be fully ind from GB

• white rhodesians form Rhodesian front under Ian Smith

• no more GB

• 1970-= Republic of Rhodesia

• Intensity white minority

Reaction:

• condemned by Un security council

• no country recognized regime

• GB sees declaration as illegal

• GB doesn'tt have soldiers in territory

• white control of SR makes it look bad for white people in GB to respond

• support econ sanctions, 1967= total embargo

• s Africa continues to supply goods+ Portugal + american companies

1975= Turning Point

• too few Rhodesian men to draft: Rhodesian attrition helped Zimbabwe

• white emigrate

• protected villages motivate Zimbabweans to join resistance

• loss of s Africa aid and increase sanction harm

• speak out against s africa apartheid and move to divest

1979 Internal SEttlement

• IAn Smith agrees to power sharing between whites and blacks with Abel Muzorewa (black Christian leader)

• rename country Zimbabwe - Rhodesia

• black people given voting but whites still have power

• both sides pissed

1980 Lancaster House Talks/Agreement

• end of Rhodesia

• elections with universal suffrage new constitution

• Mugabe= PM, remains in power until 2017

Zapu Extras

• first party

• created from SRANC and NDP

• sabotaged white rodhesian installatiions and raillines

• Nkomo

• willing to try political progress

• supported by Ndebele

• USSR

• used Zambia to train

• believed urban workers to move nationalism

• entered Zimbabwe from North

• negotiated peace talks with Ian Smith 1976

• shot down two Air Rhodesia passenger planes 1978

Zanu extras

• split off from Zapu

• Sithole and Mugabe

• advocated taking white or unused government land (might also be ZAPU)

• more radical

• China

• mozambique as training ground

• peasants

• hurt in Battle of Sinoia 1966

• got more aid after 1975

• entered Zimbabwe from Southeast

• protest proposed settlements in 1971-2 no Pearce Commission

• Rhodesian start making protected villages to fight this group

• affected by infighting in Nhari Rebellion 1975

• change in leadership to Mugabe 1975

• won most seats in parliament 1980