Mental Health Exam 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering core mental health topics, including schizophrenia symptoms, antipsychotic side effects (EPS, NMS, metabolic syndrome), eating disorders, neurocognitive disorders, child/adolescent conditions, crisis intervention, abuse/assault, and substance use disorders.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Psychiatric manifestations that add abnormal experiences or behaviors to a client's baseline, including auditory hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and bizarre behavior.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Psychiatric manifestations characterized by a loss or decrease in normal functioning, such as flat affect, avolition, poverty of speech (alogia), and social withdrawal.

Clang Association

A speech alteration in which words are chosen and grouped together based on their sound or rhyming quality rather than logical meaning (e.g., 'Toast, coast, most, ghost, boast').

Neologism

A newly coined word or phrase created by a client that holds a private, idiosyncratic meaning specific only to them (e.g., 'zentora').

Word Salad

A form of severely disorganized speech in which words or phrases are combined randomly without logical coherence or understandable structure.

Tangential Speech

A thought process and speech alteration where the client strays from the topic of conversation, introduces unrelated ideas, and never returns to answer the original question.

Circumstantial Speech

A thought process alteration where the client includes tedious, excessive, and unnecessary details but eventually returns to answer the original point or question.

Delusion of Reference

A fixed false belief that neutral external events, public broadcasts, or media statements have direct, secret, or specific personal meaning for the individual.

Thought Withdrawal

The delusional belief that one's thoughts have been forcibly removed or taken out of their mind by an external force or person.

Aripiprazole (Abilify)

An atypical antipsychotic medication indicated to reduce psychosis in conditions such as schizophrenia.

Metabolic Syndrome (Antipsychotic-Induced)

A cluster of adverse metabolic changes associated with atypical antipsychotic therapy, including significant weight gain, hyperglycemia/diabetes risk, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and heightened cardiovascular risk.

Clozapine (Clozaril)

An atypical antipsychotic associated with a high risk of agranulocytosis and severe neutropenia, requiring regular absolute neutrophil count (ANC) monitoring and immediate evaluation if fever or sore throat occurs.

Hyperprolactinemia

An adverse effect caused by dopamine blockade from certain antipsychotics (such as risperidone), leading to galactorrhea (breast discharge), gynecomastia, and menstrual irregularities.

Acute Dystonia

An early extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) characterized by sudden, painful, sustained muscle contractions (such as torticollis, jaw spasm, oculogyric crisis, or tongue protrusion) that can compromise the airway if dysphagia or laryngeal spasm occurs.

Akathisia

An extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) defined by subjective inner restlessness and an inability to remain still, manifesting as continuous motor activity such as pacing or foot tapping.

Pseudoparkinsonism

An extrapyramidal symptom (EPS) resulting from dopamine receptor blockade that mimics Parkinson disease, presenting with a shuffling gait, resting tremor, muscle rigidity, masked facial expression, and drooling.

Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)

A late-onset, potentially irreversible movement disorder linked to long-term antipsychotic therapy, characterized by involuntary, repetitive choreiform movements, particularly of the face, mouth, and tongue (such as lip smacking, tongue protrusion, chewing, and grimacing).

Benztropine (Cogentin)

An anticholinergic medication used to treat and reverse early extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as acute dystonia and pseudoparkinsonism.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A life-threatening, systemic reaction to dopamine-blocking antipsychotics characterized by severe hyperpyrexia (e.g., temperature of $104^\text{o}\text{F}$), generalized lead-pipe muscle rigidity, altered mental status, diaphoresis, tachycardia, and autonomic instability.

Serotonin Syndrome

A potentially dangerous condition resulting from excessive serotonergic activity, distinguished from NMS primarily by neuromuscular findings of hyperreflexia, inducible clonus, tremor, and gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by severe restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of body shape or image.

Lanugo

Fine, soft hair growth that develops on the skin of severely malnourished clients with anorexia nervosa as an adaptive physiological response to hypothermia and fat loss.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge-eating episodes accompanied by regular compensatory behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse, or excessive exercise), typically occurring in individuals who maintain a normal weight range.

Russell Sign

Calluses, scarring, or abrasions on the knuckles or dorsal surface of the hand caused by repeated contact with the incisor teeth during self-induced vomiting in bulimia nervosa.

Binge-Eating Disorder

An eating disorder marked by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food with a loss of control, guilt, and shame, without the regular use of compensatory behaviors like purging.

Refeeding Syndrome

A potentially fatal metabolic complication occurring during nutritional rehabilitation of a severely malnourished client, driven by a surge in insulin that causes severe hypophosphatemia, electrolyte shifts, dysrhythmias, and heart failure.

Delirium

An acute, fluctuating neurocognitive disorder characterized by sudden onset, altered level of consciousness, and severely impaired attention, typically secondary to an underlying medical condition (e.g., infection) and potentially reversible.

Dementia

A chronic, progressive neurocognitive disorder characterized by gradual decline in memory, intellect, and functional ability over time, with attention remaining intact until advanced stages.

Sundowning

A phenomenon observed in clients with neurocognitive disorders like dementia, where confusion, disorientation, and behavioral agitation worsen specifically in the late afternoon and evening.

Donepezil (Aricept)

A acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to slow cognitive decline in dementia; it can cause cholinergic vagal side effects such as bradycardia, dizziness, and syncope.

Respite Care

A community-based support service that provides temporary relief to primary informal caregivers of clients with chronic conditions or neurocognitive impairments.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A pediatric behavioral disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior toward authority figures, and vindictiveness without severe violations of basic societal norms or laws.

Conduct Disorder

A severe child/adolescent behavioral disorder marked by persistent patterns of violating societal rules and the basic rights of others, including physical aggression, cruelty to animals, property destruction, theft, and deceit.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

A disorder involving recurrent, brief, impulsive outbursts of verbal or physical aggression that are grossly disproportionate to minor triggers and are not premeditated.

Adventitious Crisis

An unexpected, accidental, or environmental crisis triggered by an unpredictable disaster or trauma (e.g., tornado, flood, mass casualty event) affecting individuals or communities.

Maturational Crisis

A crisis arising from a normal, internal, and predictable developmental transition across the human lifespan (e.g., leaving home, retirement, birth of a child).

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE)

A registered nurse who has completed specialized training to provide trauma-informed medical care, comprehensive physical and forensic evidence collection, and objective documentation following sexual assault.

Delirium Tremens (DTs)

A severe, life-threatening manifestation of alcohol withdrawal occurring $48\text{ to }96\text{ hours}$ after cessation, characterized by acute delirium, vivid hallucinations, hyperpyrexia, profound autonomic storm, and high seizure risk.

Naloxone (Narcan)

A fast-acting, short-duration opioid receptor antagonist used as the priority emergency treatment to reverse life-threatening respiratory depression and coma in acute opioid overdose.

Naltrexone (Revia, Vivitrol)

A long-acting opioid receptor antagonist used for long-term maintenance and relapse prevention in both opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder.

Methadone

A long-acting full opioid agonist used in supervised treatment and detoxification programs to suppress withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings in opioid use disorder.

Buprenorphine

A partial opioid agonist used in maintenance treatment of opioid use disorder to relieve withdrawal and cravings with a lower ceiling effect for respiratory depression.

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

An aversion therapy agent for alcohol use disorder that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a severe, unpleasant physiological reaction if any alcohol is consumed.

Flumazenil

A selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist used to reverse benzodiazepine toxicity, which carries a key risk of precipitating acute withdrawal seizures in chronic users.

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)

A standardized clinical assessment tool used to screen for, track, and measure the severity of tardive dyskinesia in clients taking long-term antipsychotic medications.