Final Exam

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

A sweat gland is an example of a(n) _______ gland.

Exocrine

What does “endocrine” mean?

Internal secretion

What is a function of hormones?

To stimulate growth, reproduction, and development

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system _____.

May have a longer lasting effect

What do all hormones have in common?

They are organic compounds

What are tropic hormones?

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

What is an action of growth hormone?

Enhances the movement of amino acids into cells

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed _______.

Paracrine

Which of the following is true for steroid hormones?

They are soluble in lipids

Nonsteroid hormones cause ____ in their target cells.

Activation of adenylate cyclase

What can cause the upregulation of a target cell’s receptors?

Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone

What can cause downregulation of a target cell?

Prolonged elevated concentration of a hormone

A hormone with an effect that last for days would have a _____.

Lone half life

What is another name for anti diuretic hormone?

Vasopressin

Diabetes insipidus is caused by ______.

ADH deficiency

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by _____.

Neurosecretory Cells

How do hormones T3 and T4 differ?

T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues

What is an action of of the thyroid hormone?

To enhance the rate at which proteins are synthesized

What hormone stimulates calcium deposition into bone?

Calcitonin

What is the action of cortisol?

To stimulate the production of glucose from non carbohydrates

What is the action of insulin?

Decreases concentration of blood glucose

What is the action of glucagon?

stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

The thymus gland secretes the hormones called ____ that ____.

Thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

An insensitivity of cells to insulin

What is a cause of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

What controls most hormone concentrations?

Negative feedback

What is the effect of a steroid hormone binding to a receptor in a target cell?

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine _____ and blood concentrations of cortisol ______.

Increase; increase

Which of the following will increase as a result of stress?

Blood pressure

The target cells of hypothalamus releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland.

True

The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood stream.

False

A hormone is a molecule secreted into the bloodstream that acts on target cells that have specific receptors for that hormone.

True

A tropic hormone prevents endocrine glands from releasing their hormones, thereby maintaining homeostasis.

False

Nonsteriod hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.

True

Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.

False

A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection.

True

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are amines.

True

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone reabsorbing osteoblasts.

False

The thalamus controls the secretion of the pituitary hormones.

False

Cushing syndrome is caused by hypertension of cortical hormones.

True

Human growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and travels via the bloodstream to affect target cells all throughout the body. Thus, it is an autocrine secretion.

False

Where is the thyroid located?

Anterior to the trachea

Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas nonsteriod hormones bind to receptors on the target cell membrane.

True

What are formed elements?

Blood cells and platelets

Which cell type is an agranulocyte?

Which statement best describes platelets?

Cytoplasmic fragments of cells

What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

To act against foreign substances

What condition involves decrease in the white blood cell count?

Leukopenia

What is a hematocrit?

What type of formed element is most abundant?

Red blood cells

Which of the following functions as a phagocyte?

What type of white blood cell is important in immunity?

Lymphocytes

What type of anemia is caused by destruction of bone marrow?

Aplastic anemia

What is diapedesis?

Why might elite athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO)?

EPO increase the red blood cell supply, which brings more oxygen to muscle cells

The hormone ____ controls red blood cell production via a _______ feedback mechanism.

Erythropoietin; negative

What component of blood plasma has the greatest influence on colloid osmotic pressure?

Albumin

Which plasma protein is described correctly?

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not

A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is called a(n) _____.

Thrombus

Thrombocytopenia is due to a deficiency of ____.

Platelets

A pulmonary ______ is typically caused by a blood clot reaching a lung via a pulmonary artery.

Embolism

What determines an individual’s blood type?

What blood type can successfully be given to a person with type AB blood?

All blood types

A person with blood type A can successfully donate blood to a person with type ____ blood.

A

Which of the following describes leukemia?

The blood has too many immature white blood cells

What element is part of a hemoglobin molecule?

Iron

What is the main function of plasma albumin?

Hypoxemia will stimulate the release of _____.

Erythropoietin

Blood is a type of epithelial tissue.

False

Vitamin B12 is important for the production of red blood cells because it is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin.

False

Individuals with blood type AB are sometimes referred to as universal donors.

False

A platelet plug is formed when fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

False

Compare polycythemia with leukocytosis.

Polycythemia is an elevated red blood cell count and leukocytosis is an elevated white blood cell count

What is the normal pH of blood?

7.3 to 7.5

If blood is too viscous, what happens to blood flow?

Blood flow becomes sluggish

What is an enzyme that catalyze the activation of fibrin?

Thrombin

What step is critical to the formation of a blood clot?

What is released by platelets as a platelet plug forms?

What type of antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells of a person with type AB blood?

Both antigens A and B

As a result of her low platelet count, Marianne has small, bruise-like spots on her skin. What are these spots called?

Petechiae

Jenny notices excessive bleeding and small red spots?

Hailey is suffering and requires multiple blood transfusions?

The blood used in the first transfusion contained Rh antigens, which caused the patient to produce anti-Rh antibodies and attack the blood from the second transfusion.

What is initiated by the release of tissue thromboplastin?

Extrinsic clotting mechanism

Hemophilia is a disorder in which bleeding is severe and prolonged due to a lack of clotting factor VIII. Which pathway is inhibited by this interruption?

Intrinsic clotting mechanism

Which of the following is not required for the formation of a blood clot?

Albumin

Plasma electrolytes include _______.

Bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride, and potassium

What is the order of breakdown products of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin→ heme → biliverdin → bilirubin

Blood vessels called ____ carry blood toward the heart, and _____ carry blood away from the heart.

Veins; arteries

Why is the cardiovascular system vital to survival?

It supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

It carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

It carries oxygen-poor blood to the heart

What occurs in arteries that results in the disease called atherosclerosis?

Plaques containing cholesterol and other fats accumulate in the vessel walls

What causes the P wave on the ECG?

Depolarization of atrial myocardium

What causes the T wave on the ECG?

Repolarization of ventricular myocardium

Blood entering the right atrium comes from what structure(s)?

Venae cavae and coronary sinus

What layer lines the chambers of the heart?

Endocardium

Name the tough outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart.

Fibrous pericardium