Final-Quiz Questions

HIST 152 quizzes 8-14 question

The term ____ refers to the processes through which agrarian and handicraft-centered economies were transformed into economies that were defined by the mechanization of manufacture.

Industrialization

Which of these changes were central to the processes of industrialization?
1. Technological advances in fields like communication and transportation

2. The use of wood and whale oil as the sources of energy, rather than coal or petroleum

3. Organizational developments, like the factory

4. All of the Above

5. A and C

6. B and C

7. A and B

A & C

Several areas in the world demonstrated burgeoning and vigorous economies that could support industrial development. What were some of the features that these economies shared?
1. Rivers and networks of canals that allowed for increased trade and transport

2. High agricultural productivity and significant population growth

3. Banks central in cities

4. All were running up against limitation of resources 5. All the above

All the Above

T/F: The extraction of resources from the Americas alleviated the ecological burden in Europe, allowing industrialization to utilize these resources to emerge, at first in Great Britain and later throughout most of Europe.

True

The industrial revolution is usually considered to have occurred in two phases. The First Industrial Revolution took place between _____ and _____, and was focused mainly in Great Britain.

1. 1650, 1800

2. 1760, 1840

3. 1770, 1900

4. 1700, 1840

1760, 1840

Which of these is NOT an example of an invention introduced during the First Industrial Revolution?

1. Telegraph

2. Mechanical reaper

3. Sewing Machine

4. Automobile

5. All of the Above

5. None of the above

Automobile

The mechanization of labor allowed for rapid and mass production of a number of commodities. Which of these is true about this process?

1. Many early advancements were due to the development of the cotton textile industry

2. Advancements in the usage of energy sources supplied power to these large machines.

3. Iron and steel industries used cheaper energy sources and technological advancements to make steel and iron cheaper for people to purchase

4. All the Above

5. None of the Above

All the Above

First developed in British textile factories, the _____ was developed to both allow for rapid and mass production of commodities, moving work from home into a centralized location and brought workers together to do specialized tasks.

Factory System

T/F: Because industrialization improved productivity and increased the output of manufactured goods, all of the effects on society were beneficial.

False

Which of these effects do not characterize the Second Industrial Revolution?

1. Rapid industrialization

2. Rapid Urbanization

3. Rise in handicraft-centered economy

4. Rise of corporations and trusts

Rise in handicraft-centered economy

T/F: The 1830 Indian Removal Act was approved by U.S. Congress under President Andrew Jackson to remove Euro-American settlers from indigenous lands.

False

Which of these best relates to the concept of manifest destiny, first introduced by Louis O’Sullivan in 1845?

1. It was introduced in his article written about why the U.S. should annex Texas

2. Manifest Destiny refers to the right of the U.S. to "overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our [U.S.] yearly multiplying millions."

3. It implied that Texas should be returned to Mexico

4. A and B

5. All the above

6. None of the above

A & B

Though sugar was an important plantation crop in Latin America, _____ became the United Statesʻ most valuable export crop by the early decades of the 19th century, and was an important factor in the push for more land as well as the expansion of slavery.

1.Rice

2.Cotton

3.Tobacco

4.Indigo

Cotton

The Mexican-American War, fought between 1846 and 1848, had considerable repercussions in U.S. history. Which of these were NOT shaped by or tied to the Mexican-American War?

Continued U.S. territorial expansion and dispossession of indigenous peoples

The expansion of the institution of slavery in the U.S

Solidified belief in Manifest Destiny in the U.S.

All the above

None of the above

All the Above

T/F: By 1850, the United States government acquired most of the land that composes the nation today

True

Which of these factors contributed to the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865)?

Slavery economies and their political control

States' rights

Territorial expansion

All the above

None of the above

All the Above

Overseas colonies were difficult to administer, and Canada's road to self-governance was markedly different than that of the U.S. French colonists began to colonize the surrounding the St. Lawrence river in 1604, and they named their settlement ___ (one word). After winning the French and Indian War in 1763, British colonists began to settle in a region that was called ______ (one word). Canada was thus comprised of several regions with their own histories, the ______ (conflict, 3 words), brought Canadians together in the face of U.S. expansionism. The ______ (2 words), authored by Lord Durham in 1839, advocated for self-government of a united Canada. The British North America Act of 1867 established the ____ (3 words), which originally consisted of the provinces Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

Quebec, Ontario, War of 1812, Durham Report, Dominion of Canada

Unlike the U.S. and Canada, Latin America did not created a united government. Dominated by creole elites and regional military leaders, political and social change was difficult to gain. These regional military leaders came to dominate governments in many Latin American nations are called:

Gauchos

Caudillos

Reformas

Machismos

Caudillos

Economic development, particularly in regard to industrialization, happened differently in North and South America due to a number of factors, including:

British funds acquired after the first Industrial Revolution were invested mostly in North America (former British colonies) for industrialization

Dependence on single crop plantations in Latin America

The ending of slavery

A and B

A and C

All the above

None of the above

All the Above

When talking about migration/immigration, ______ (one word) factors refers to reasons that caused people to leave their home country (like food shortages, political instability), while ______ (one word) factors refer to reasons that drew people to another country (better living conditions, starting a new life).

push, pull

Which of the following statements is true about how the Great War began?

A) The war began when Archduke Gavrilo Pincip was assassinated

B) The assassination was organized by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand

C) Austria declared war on Serbia, Germnay declared war on Austria

D) None of the above

The assassination was organized by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand.

T/F: Nationalism is an affiliation with one's own country and advocacy for its interests often at the expense of exclusion of those other countries

True

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European nations wanted to colonize other places because:

A) increasing tensions as national rivalries rose

B) the desire to acquire more resources to increase industrial output and profits
C) to demonstrate developing economic strength
D) All the above

All of the Above

At the start of The Great War, several nations in Europe took sides to create a balance of power. One side was known as the ______, which consisted of Germany, AUstria-Hungary, the Balkan states, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. The _________ formed to oppose the Central Powers, and consisted of Britain, France, and Russia.

Central Powers, Triple Entente

Multiple Choice: New weapons and technologies created a stalemate at the western and southern fronts. Which of these were technologies that were developed or improved upon during World War I?

Machine guns

Poisonous gasses

Quinine

Tanks

Airplanes

Antibiotics

Machine guns, Poisonous gasses, Tanks, Airplane

The result of war depended heavily on how a country handled their economy and society at home, which was known as the ______. War would continue on until a nation could no longer gather and mobilize their resources. This concept, also known as ______, describes the nature of a war that would not end until all a nation's resources were expended.

home front, total war

Propaganda was used to:

Keep people's spirits up on the home front

Maintain national unity

Dehumanize the enemy to encourage warfare victory

All of the above

None of the above

All of the Above

T/F: One reason that the war’s scale grew to global proportions because European hostilities spread to their colonies, and they needed more men and other resources.

True

The ________ refers to when the Soviets gained control of the Petrograd soviets, capitalizing on the provisional government's failures and anti-war sentiments gaining traction.

By November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks took over the Provisional government.

October Revolution

The U.S. declared war on April 7, 1917 because:

The Zimmerman Note

where Germany proposed an alliance with Brazil,

A Spanish submarine sank the Lusitania,

None of the above.

None of the Above

The War ended on November 11, 1918, and the Treaty of _______ formally ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.

Versailles

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918, otherwise known as the _______ (2 words), began to spread across the world just as the war was coming to an end. This pandemic killed more than 20 million people, as there was no cure.

Spanish Flu

The ________(2 words) emerged after the end of the Great War as a compromise to making colonies. This allowed self-determination only in Europe, and allowed the Allies to gain territory under pretenses of "helping" nations who were having difficulty establishing themselves.

mandate system

President Woodrow Wilson drew up the ________(two words) that focused on the right to self-determination which he believed would help the world plan for peacetime after the war and keep things fair. Many of these points were rejected.

Fourteen Points

T/F: The League of Nations was formed to maintain peace, and held a lot of power because they were able to enforce all decisions.

False

T/F: After the end of the Great War, young men and women in the U.S considered themselves the "lost generation" and were by and large disappointed, unhappy, and disenchanted.

True

There were advancements in the following fields in the period between World War l and World War ll:

Physics and chemistry

Psychoanalysis

Art

All of the above

None of the above

All of the Above

In 1929, there was a global economic downturn for a number of reasons, including war debts that could not be repaid, an increase in the cost of raw materials, and a decrease in agricultural output. On October 24, 1929, otherwise known as _____ (2 words) the stock market on Wall Street crashed after people engaged in panic selling, or selling their stocks to prevent more loss.

Black Thursday

As a result of the global depression, existing financial and commercial networks were destroyed. Some countries engaged in economic nationalism, which mean that:

Nations began to engage less with other countries and focusing on internal sustainability

Nations increased their engagement with other countries to increase trade

Tariffs were lowered to increase trade and competition

These countries increased their industrial production.

Nations began to engage less with other countries and focusing on internal sustainability

The most influential economist in the 20th century, ____ (three words, name) espoused a theory that posited more input from the government would life a country out of depression. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt FDR applied this Keynasian theory in his ___ ___ program in the United States.

John Maynard Keynes, New Deal

In Russia, a proletariat system was growing that Marxists believed would successfully replace capitalism. This man was responsible for transforming the formerly Tsarist empire into a socialist one. In 1917, the Bolshevik party took power and this man became a dictator.

Leon Trotsky

Vladmir Lenin

Josef Stalin

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Vladmir Lenin

Josef Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union in 1928 and produced a ___ (3 words) that would transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power. His plan focused on rapid and heavy industrailization, centralization of government, and the collectivization of agriculture. Between 1935 and 1938, Stalin incited a civil war and began the ___ (two words), a policy that was intended to solidify his rule and remove those he saw challenges to his rule, and involved the imprisonment and execution of kulaks, intellectuals, clergymen, as well as members of the Communist leaders and party members and members of the Red Army.

Five Year Plan, Great Purge

Besides Communism, another alternative to democracy emerged. This political movement, known as Fascism, was taken up in Italy, Germany, and Spain, but also spread to Japan, China, South Africa, and Brazil (among other places). This political party emphasized:

Ultranationalism

Ethnocentrism

Militarism

All of the above

All of the above

Adolf Hitler became chair of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, otherwise known as the ___ Party, in 1921. He tried to overthrow the democratic ___ (2 words) in 1923, but failed and was jailed. A year later, he was released and focused on gaining votes. Hitler capitalized on the dissatisfaction of people with German democracy and became the biggest party by 1932.

Nazi, Weimar Republic

Based on the scientific theory of evolution forwarded by Charles Darwin, the theory of Social Darwinsim argued that races were innately drvie to compete with one another. This theory impacted the study of ____, a pseudo-science and racist ideology that promoted racial superiority and purity.

Eugenics

Nationalism

Antisemitism

Facism

Eugenics

What contributed to a sense of nationalism in Japan?

1. Militarism

2. Unwillingness to work with other nations

3. Imperialism

4. Idustrialization

5. All of the Above

All of the Above

After the end of the Qing dynasty, two major parties with a nationalist focus emerged in China that differed in their ideologies. The____ (one word) or the Nationalist People's party, was established in 1912 by Sun Yat-Sen, and the ___ (3 words), which was formed in 1921 as a result of dissatisfaction with the political status of China.

Guomindang, Chinese Communist Party

After World War I, different forms of nationalism rose in Africa. One in particular, the ___ movement, looked to the concept of African race for identity and nation-building and was mainly espoused by U.S. blacks and Afro-Caribbean intellectuals like W. E. B. Dubois and Marcus Garvey.

Pan African

In Latin America, World War I and the Great Depression exposed the issues introduced by neocolonialism. What is neocolonialism?
1. The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

2. The settlement of new populations of industrialized nations in other nations, especially former dependencies.

3.The use of outright military pressure to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

4.The use of European ideologies and practices by Latin American countries to colonize other countries.

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

The ___ (3 words), established in 1885, was the most influential organization dedicated to ending British Rule in India. The ____ (2 words) was formed in 1906 with the same goal, but were concerned about the continuation of Muslim oppression under a Hindu-dominated government.

Indian National Congress, Muslim League

T/F: Japanese invasion into China is often considered the earliest events of World War II.

TRUE

In Europe, Italy’s expansionism began to destabilize post-World War II Europe. What contributed to these expansionist efforts?

1. Many in Italy expected greater compensation for supporting the Triple Alliance, but were disappointed when they were not treated the same as Britain, France, and the U.S.

2.Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini sought to bring glory to Italy through the acquisition of territories denied Italy after World War I.

3. Assisted the Spanish Civil War on the side of General Francisco Franco, whose military overthrew the republican government and annexed Albania

4. All the Above

5. None of the Above

All the above

German aggression began a result of the conclusion of the Paris peace treaties, where Germany was forced by the Treaty of Versailles to accept all blame for the war and to pay reparations. Which of these were policies that Hitler used to unilaterally deconstruct these peace treaties? Select all that are correct.
MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. Building up Military forces

2. Peaceful diplomatic cooperation to recruit partner territories like the Rhineland and Poland)

3. The annexation of Austria through the 1938 Anschluss

4.Hitler blamed Germany's signing of the 1918 armistice as the "November crime" and blamed "internal enemies" like Jews, communists and liberals as well as neighboring European states like Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Austria.

Building up military forces, The annexation of Austria through the 1938 Anschluss, Hitler blamed Germany's signing of the 1918 armistice as the "November crime" and blamed "internal enemies" like Jews, communists and liberals as well as neighboring European states like Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Austria.

A “new kind of war” emerged in the late 1930s that relied on stealth, surprise, and swiftness. These tactics, referred to as ___________ (“Lightning War”), stunned the world on 1 September 1939 when German forces marched into Poland using air attacks and Panzer columns that were unmatched in speed and mobility.

1. Kristallnacht

2. Unterseeboote

3. Blietzkrieg

4. Barbarossa

Blietzkrieg

T/F Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor and a number of other ports in the Pacific Ocean were executed in large part due to the U.S. freezing Japan’s assets in the U.S. and imposing an oil embargo.

True

By 1941, two major groups of allies existed in Europe. The ____ powers consisted of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and later Japan, wanted to change the terms of Parice peace treaties for their benefit. The _____ powers consisted of France, Great Britain, Great Britain's Commonwealth allies, the Soviet Union, and the U.S., sought to reinforce the new international system to maintain peace.

Axis, Allied

What was a main factor that contributed to Allied defeat of the Axis powers in Europe?

1. Nazi Germany stopped producing U-boats

2. The personnel and industrial power supplied by the Soviet Union and the U.S.

3. The collapse of industry in Nazi Germany and Japan

4. German offensives were easily defeated in Normandy in 1944.

The personnel and industrial power supplied by the Soviet Union and the U.S.

T/F: German occupation of Poland in 1939 and the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 gave Hitler the opportunity to solve his racial “problems,” which ultimately led Nazi leadership to commit to what they termed the “final solution,” which involved the attempted murder of all Jews in Europe.

TRUE

In June 1942, the Battle of Midway was a turning point for the U.S. navy in the Pacific theater. After the U.S. defeated Japanese forces at Midway, Allies took the offensive by __________, a strategy that recovered one island at a time from Japanese control until the Allies reached Japanese territory at Okinawa.

1. Hop-skipping

2. Island-Hopping

3. Island-Cruising

4. Leap-frogging

Island hopping

In early August 1945, the U.S. dropped two atomic bombs. The first was dropped on August 6, 1945 in ____ The second was dropped three days later on the city of _____. Despite losing more than 100,000 people, Japan ultimately decided to surrender when the Soviet Union declared war on Japan on August 15, 1945.

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Which of these was NOT an outcome of World War II?

Previously colonized countries grappled with gaining their independence with outcomes that were often violent, Ideological, political, and economic tensions rose between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, who had emerged as the two global superpowers

A nuclear arms race developed that led the U.S. and the Soviet Union to invest billions of dollars.

The exaggerated military spending impacted both economies

The League of Nations, an international security organization that still exists today, was founded in 1945 in San Francisco.

The League of Nations, an international security organization that still exists today, was founded in 1945 in San Francisco.

The "Cold War" was so named because:

it was fought mainly in the winter months

it was an economic competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

it was characterized by direct military conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union

it involved no direct large-scale military fighting, but rather political tension and proxy wars.

it involved no direct large-scale military fighting, but rather political tension and proxy wars.

T/F: Great Britain's prime minister, Winston Churchill, used the term "Iron Curtain" to describe the symbolic and physical divide between the communist East and the democratic West during the early stages of the Cold War.

TRUE

Which of the following best describes the "Domino Theory" during the Cold War?

The theory that all communist nations would eventually unite under a single government

The belief that the Soviet Union would spread communism across the entire world in a single generation

The idea that a nuclear war between the superpowers would cause a chain reaction of global conflict

The idea that if one country in a region fell to communism, neighboring countries would likely follow suit.

The idea that if one country in a region fell to communism, neighboring countries would likely follow suit.

In 1947, President Harry S. Truman committed the United States to an interventionist foreign policy that involved the “containment” of Communism to prevent further expansion of Soviet influence. This was called the ____________.

Marshall Plan

McCarthy Policy

Truman Doctrine

Eisenhower Plan

Truman Doctrine

During the Cold War, the very costly testing and accumulation as well as proliferation of nuclear weapons is called the ________.

nuclear arms race

nuclear bomb jam

space race

atomic acquisition era

nuclear arms race

By the late 1960s, leaders in both the Soviet Union and the U.S. recognized the unmanageable challenges that developed during the Cold War, and both sides agreed to a _______, or a reduction in hostilities on both sides.

Destalinization

Disintegration

Detente

Dismantling

Detente

The ______ (3 words) in 1947 resulted in the creation of two independent nations: India and ______ (1 word). This division was largely based on religious lines, with India becoming a predominantly ______ (1 word) nation and __________ (second blank answer) becoming a predominantly Muslim nation

Partition of India, Pakistan, Hindu

What is a "proxy war" and which of the following is an example?

A conflict where two countries directly fight each other without external support; Example: The U.S. Civil War

A war fought between two countries over economic interests, with no involvement from superpowers; Example: The Falklands War

A conflict in which one country invades another without any form of resistance or international intervention; Example: The Iraq War (2003)

A war where two superpowers indirectly support opposing sides, using third-party nations to fight on their behalf; Example: The Vietnam War.

A war where two superpowers indirectly support opposing sides, using third-party nations to fight on their behalf; Example: The Vietnam War.

T/F: During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union practiced censorship, with the U.S. restricting communist propaganda and the Soviet Union censoring any content that contradicted the ideals of socialism and the Communist Party.

TRUE

Which of the following factors contributed to the end of European empires during the Cold War?

European empires were largely unaffected by the Cold War and maintained their territories until the 1980s

The economic prosperity of colonial powers allowed them to maintain control over their colonies

The desire for stronger colonial empires led European powers to expand further into Asia and Africa

The rise of independence movements in colonized nations, often supported by either the U.S. or the Soviet Union, weakened European control.

The rise of independence movements in colonized nations, often supported by either the U.S. or the Soviet Union, weakened European control.

Which event marked the rise of Communist China during the Cold War?

The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) agreement in 1949

The Sino-Soviet War, which led to China's independence from the Soviet Union

The Chinese Revolution of 1966, which was led by Mao Zedong to establish capitalist reforms

The victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

The victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Which of the following events contributed to the end of French colonialism in both Vietnam and Algeria?

The brutal conflicts in both Vietnam and Algeria, which led to French military defeats and increasing opposition at home to colonial rule

The peaceful negotiations that led to independence in both Vietnam and Algeria

The success of the French military in suppressing independence movements in both countries

The rising influence of the Soviet Union and the United States, which pressured France to decolonize.

The brutal conflicts in both Vietnam and Algeria, which led to French military defeats and increasing opposition at home to colonial rule.

What was the primary impact of atomic testing in the Marshall Islands by the United States during the Cold War?

The establishment of the Marshall Islands as a global center for nuclear energy research

The development of advanced technology that improved the lives of Marshallese people

Significant environmental damage and health issues for the local population due to radiation exposure

The creation of a peaceful nuclear testing zone that encouraged international cooperation.

Significant environmental damage and health issues for the local population due to radiation exposure.

Which of the following events is most commonly associated with the end of the Cold War?

The signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, which marked the peak of Cold War tensions

The U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, which ended with the fall of Saigon in 1975.

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Which country or countries were colonized after the Spanish-American War?

Puerto Rico

Philippine Islands

Cuba

Guam

All the above

All except Guam

All the above

Which treaty proclaimed that Spain had to give their territories to U.S.?

Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Paris

Which of these was one of the key reasons the Ottoman Empire was dissolved after World War I?

The Ottoman Empire sided with Britain in World War I

The Ottoman Empire was united and only went into decline shortly before World War I broke out

The Ottoman Empire lacked funds for modern weapons and lost territory to European powers

The Ottoman Empire had strong defenses.

The Ottoman Empire lacked funds for modern weapons and lost territory to European powers.

What was one important reason India came under British control in the 19th and early 20th centuries?

British officials diplomatically negotiated with each Indian province

India was divided and wanted to be unified under British control

India requested that Britain administer their provinces because they were already good at it

British officials forcefully took India's resources and made many poor decisions that caused famines and poverty.

British officials forcefully took India's resources and made many poor decisions that caused famines and poverty.

In which of these ways did political pressure, economic interest, and U.S. military power lead to the colonization of Hawai’i?

1887: American and European settlers forced King Kalākaua to sign the "Bayonet Constitution" which took away much of his power and gave more control to foreign landowners and businessmen

1893: Queen Liliʻuokalani tried to take back power for the Hawaiian people, but American businessmen and sugar planters, with help from the U.S. Marines, overthrew her and ended the Hawaiian monarchy

1898: After the overthrow, the U.S. government officially took over Hawai'i during the Spanish-American War, partly because they wanted a military base in the Pacific (Pearl Harbor)

All the above

None of the above.

All the above

T/F Hawaiian language, traditions, and religion were discouraged and banned and banned in schools and public life as American culture and English became dominant. Over time, Hawaiians lost their native heritage. But today, there's a strong movement to bring it back.

True

In addition to Korea, Japan expanded into parts of China, including ______ and later into Southeast Asia during World War II.

Manchuria

Japan’s imperial ambitions were justified by a sense of ______ ______ and the belief in the need for resources to support its growing population and economy.

Shared responsibility

National superiority

Peaceful integration

Equal rights

National superiority

Colonialism in Africa had major long term economic impacts. Colonizers structured economies around resource extractions. What resources did the colonizers extract from Africa?

Rubber

Minerals

Cash crops

All the above

None of the above

All the Above

What led to decreased reproduction rates in Africa?

Distorted sex ratios

Men and women in Africa became infertile

Decrease of men available to create families

A and C only

All the above

None of the above

A and C only

In Russia, a proletartiat system was growing that Marxists believed would successfully replace capitalism. In 1917, this man was responsible for transforming the formerly Tsarist empire into a socialist one, eventually becoming dictator

Grigori Rasputin

Josef Stalin

Nicholas Romanov II

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin

Between 1935 and 1938, Stalin incited a civil war and began the ______ (two words), a policy that was intended to solidify his rule and remove those he saw challenges to his rule, and involved the imprisonment and execution of kulaks, intellectuals, clergymen, as well as members of the Communist leaders and party members and members of the Red Army.

Great Purge