Studied by 4 people
matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element
isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
orbitals
regions around the nucleus in which given electron or electron pair is likely to be found
valence shell
The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.
chemical bond
the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
macromolecule
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
cation
A positively charged ion
anion
A negatively charged ion
electron transfer
movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
nonpolar
No partial charges. Do not mix with water.
polar
Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
hydrogen bond
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
functional group
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
hydrophilic
describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
hydrophobic
describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
hydroxyl
OH-
methyl
CH3
carboxyl
COOH
phosphate
PO4 3-
acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
buffer
compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH
reactant
A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
anabolic
A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
catabolic
A process in which large molecules are broken down
enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
open system
A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings.
closed system
A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave
entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness.
heat
The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and other molecules
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
nonpolar covalent bond
type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them
polar covalent bond
type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions
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