Anatomical kinesiology test 1

annulus fibrosus

wall of vertebral disc

nucleus pulposus

gel like substance within annulus fibrosis

opposition of thumb

movement of thumb across palm to connect fingers

origin point of muscle

proximal attachment of muscles

insertion point of muscle

distal attachment of muscle

intrinsic muscles

muscles that are within the structure on which they act

extrinsic muscles

muscles that originate outside the structure on which they act

how they name muscles

from their location, direction, actions, shape, number of divisions, and points of attachment

condyle (femoral condyle in knee)

rounded projections on ends of bones that serve as articulation areas that make up joints

epicondyle

rounded projections above condyle that serve as attachments for ligaments and tendons

crest (iliac crest)

prominent narrow ridge like projection of bone

foramen

passage or opening often for nerves, arteries, and veins to pass through

fossa

shallow depressed area

angle (inferior angle of scapula)

projecting or sharp corner

process (xiphoid process)

any projection or outgrowth

spine (spine of scapula)

a sharp slender projection of bone

groove

long, narrow channel, depression, or furrow

tubercle (greater tubercle of humerus)

small rounded projection

facet

small smooth flattened area on bone usually covered articular cartilage where bones articulate

line

any long narrow mark that is a ridge less prominent that a crest and helps muscles get a better grip on bones

malleolus

a rounded process

notch (greater sciatic notch)

indentation at end of bone to allow structures to pass through or stabilize arteries, veins, and tendons

protuberance

from tuber

spinous process

a thorn like projection of bone that serves as a place of attachment for muscles, ligaments, or tendons

trochanter

a large blunt elevation of bone

tuberosity (tibial tuberosity)

large rounded elevation of bone

eminence

a projections of bone

cortical bone

compact bone that forms a hard outer layer of bone

cancellous bone

spongy bone that is located near the ends of bone to adapt to different angles of stress and dissipate forces

purpose of long bone

levers for movement

purpose of short bones (ex: carpals)

shock absorbers and stabilizers

purpose of flat bones (ex: sternum)

provides site for muscle attachment and protection

purpose of irregular bone (ex: vertebrae and skull)

site for muscle attachment and protection of brain and spinal cord

purpose of sesamoid bone (ex: patella)

protection and increases mechanical advantage of muscles

pizzoelectric

when a bone is compressed, twisted, or stretched an electrical current is sent through that activates osteoblastic cells to create bone

salter-harris type 1

transverse fracture where epiphysis and physic are completely separated from metaphysis

salter Harris type 2

epiphysis and physic separate from metaphysisexcept for a small portion

salter-harris type 3

fracture through physis and epiphysis and separation from metaphysis

salter-harris type 4

fracture runs through epiphysis, physic, and metaphysis

salter-harris type 5

physics is compressed and growth is destroyed

osteoblasts

build bone

osteoclasts

acidifies and gets rid of bone

osteocytes

mature bone cells

osteoporosis

condition where osteoblastic cells don’t produce as much bone which causes brittle bones that break easily

closed fracture

bone stays in skin

open fracture

bone pierces skin

avulsion fracture

piece of bone attached to a ligament or tendon pulls away from other bones

depressed fracture

part of a flat bone is depressed inward or below the surface

greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture of a long bone that occurs in youth where bones are still pliable

impacted fracture

one fragment has been driven into and embedded into another

osteochondral

fracture involving articular cartilage and underlying bone

comminuted fracture

bone breaks in multiple pieces

diarthrodial joint

synovial joint - freely movable

2 layers of the fibrous capsule that encases diarthrodial joints

top layer is collagen, bottom layer is synovial fluid secretion cells, between 2 layers is synovial fluid that lubricates

arthrodial joint

gliding joint - 2 flat bony surfaces that butt up against each other and move in 1 plane (ex: carpals)

condylodial joint

biaxial ball and socket - oval convex articulation of one bone fits in a concave depression of another bone and moves in 2 planes (ex: radoiocarpal joint)

enarthrodial joint

multiracial ball and socket - movement in all planes with greatest range of motion (ex: hip joint)

giglymus joint

hinge joint - wide range of motion in 1 plane where one surface is cache and the other convex (ex: elbow)

sellar joint

saddle joint - found only in thumb at carpometacarpal joint and permits ball and socket movement without rotation

trochoidal joint

pivot joint - rotational movement around long axis (radioulner joint - rotational movement of the distal 2/3 of the radius around the ulna)

synarthrodial joints

immovable joints - ex: sutures in skull and sockets of the teeth

amphiarthrodial

slightly movable joint

syndesmosis joint

joints held together by sheets of fibrous tissue (interosseous ligaments) that allow slight movement between bones to dissipate force (ex: anterior tibiofibular joint)

synchondrosis joint

joints that have hyaline cartilage between articulating bone that allows slight movement (ex: costochondral joint)

symphysis joint

joint separated by fibrocartilage pad that allows slight movement between bones (ex: symphysis pubis)

articular cartilage

smooth white tissue on ends of joints that provide smooth lubricated surface articulation

what does articular cartilage contain

water, collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and chondrocytes

collagen

3 intertwined ropes of alternating amino acids

proteoglycans

proteins that are covalently attached to glycosaminoglycans chains that help dissipate force by acting as a sponge

elastin

structural protein that provides elasticity and is made up of cross links

3 zones of articular cartilage

superficial zone - collagen is packed tightly and has depressions to trap synovial fluid

middle/transitional zone - thicker collagen and proteoglycans and is first line of defense for compressive forces

deep zone - highest proteoglycan contend greatest resistance to compressive forces

bone spur

cracks in articular cartilage pass tide mark (line where articular cartilage transitions to bone) and subchondral bone grows up through cracks o

osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease that causes slow progressive degeneration of articular cartilage

Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes

enlargement on interphalangeal joints distally and proximally, respectively, caused by bony overgrowth

joint stability factors

ligaments, muscular force, fascia and skin, atmospheric pressure, structures associated with joint