AP Gov - Chapter 12: Political Ideology

What is party identification?

an individual's attachment to a political party

What is conservatism?

an ideology favoring more control of social behavior, fewer regulations on business, and less gov interference in the economy

What is liberalism?

an ideology favoring less gov

What is libertarianism?

an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty

What is party ideology?

a party's philosophy about the proper role of government and its set of positions on major issues

Who believes in liberty of privacy v. liberty in the marketplace?

Democrats and Republicans respectively

Who believe in order in gun regulation v. order in immigration?

democrats and republicans respectively

Who believes in stronger punishment for offenders v. protecting the liberties of the accused?

republicans and democrats respectively

Who is pro-choice v pro-life?

democrats and republicans respectively

Who favors tax cuts for businesses v. tax increases?

republicans and democrats respectively

Do women or men historically vote more left?

women

How do the following races/ethnicities tend to vote? **

White, hispanic, asian, black

right, left, left, disproportionately left, respectively

What are the demographics for voting that are correlated with age? **

People who are younger tend to lean left (specifically below 45), then 45-65 votes more right, and after 65 it's more even

What are the demographics for voting that are correlated with religion?

protestants lean right, jews lean left, and catholics are pretty split

Who was the first president to use media as a "bully pulpit"?

Teddy Roosevelt

What platforms does Trump use to spread information?

Twitter, X, Truth Social

What are reciprocal relations?

the more you participate, the more you know and vice versa

What did Adam Smith argue in favor of?

a free market economy

What does Laissez-Faire translate to?

hands off

What is Laissez-Faire?

an economic policy in which governments intrude as little as possible in the economic transactions between citizens and businesses

What is a command-and control economy?

economic policy in which government dictates much of a nation's economic activity, including the amount of production and price for goods

What is a mixed economy?

economic policy in which many economic conditions are left to individuals and businesses, with the government regulating economic acitivity

What guides economic policy?

health of the economy

What is the health of the economy determined by?

Gross Domestic Product and the unemployment rate

What does GDP stand for?

Gross Domestic Product

What is GDP?

the total value of goods and services produced by an economy

What is the unemployment rate?

the percentage of people actively looking for work who cannot find jobs

What is inflation?

the rise in prices of good/services

What does CPI stand for?

Consumer Price Index

What is CPI?

the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living

Who created the Keynesian Theory?

John Maynard Keynes

What is the Keynesianism Theory?

that the effect of individual decisions with regard to saving and spending drives business cycles

What is a boom under the Keynesianism theory?

when people spend more

What is a bust under the Keynesianism theory?

a cut back on spending & investing

Do democrats or republicans support the Keynesianism Theory?

Democrats

What are two other names for the supply-side ideology?

"Reaganomics" and trickle-down economics

What is supply-side ideology?

to propose lower taxes on individuals and businesses

What do critics say about supply-side ideology?

that the wealthy will benefit, unlikely these benefits will make their way to individuals not directly impacted by lower tax rates

Do democrats or republicans support supply-side ideology?

republicans

What is fiscal policy?

government use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support economic growth, and stabilize the economy

What is monetary policy?

a set amount of economy policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy

What is the federal reserve system?

a board of governors, Federal Reserve Banks, and member banks responsible for monetary policy

How are board members chosen for the Federal Reserve system?

they are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. there are seven members and they serve for 14 years

What created social insurance programs amending social security?

Great Society under Lyndon B. Johnson

What is medicare?

A federal program that provides health insurance to seniors and the disabled

Where does the largest portion of the federal government go?

social security & medicare

What is medicaid?

a federal program that provides health insurance for the poor

Who is medicaid administered by?

national and state gov

As of 2020, who had the highest health care costs in the world?

US

What act was signed in 2010 and who signed it?

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Obama

What did the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act do?

overhauled the American health insurance system, allowed more americans to have more access to healthcare coverage

Did republicans support the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act?

not really

What do liberals argue for healthcare?

that health care should be made widely available

What do conservatives argue for healthcare?

people should be responsible for making their own decisions, not forced by the gov

Does CO use school voucher programs?

no

What do the proponents of school voucher programs say?

that it provides families with more school choice by providing vouchers to enable private/religious school attendance (mostly conservative belief)

What do opponents of school voucher programs say?

that they drain much needed money from traditional public schools and it denies public school children equality of opportunity (mostly liberal belief)