heimler apush unit 8

What is a cold war?

A conflict between two belligerents in which neither engages in open military conflict with the other. However, tension is so high that war could erupt at any time

What was the source of rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union?

The US had a democratic government and capitalist economic system while the USSR had a communist system in which the political and economic systems were one in the same. Both countries sought to expand their ideologies globally

US strategy in the Cold War

containment- USSR expansionist and calling for worldwide revolution, US aimed to halt spread

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations in response to the NATO

arms race

The advancement and stockpiling of new weapons, specifically nuclear bombs during this period BUT both aware of mutually assured destruction if fired

Korean War

Korean peninsula divided on debate over communism, north and south received support from Soviet Union/China and US/UN respectively

Second Red Scare

like the 1920s, paranoia surrounding the potential for widespread infiltration of communism after WW2

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism led by Senator Joseph McCarthy

GI Bill

learning from economic trouble following WW1, gave WWII veterans access to a free college education and low-interest home and business loans

Baby Boom

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II due to young men returning from war to a generally prosperous economy

Levittown

Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families.

Sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative, mass migration following WW2 (suburbanization)

Beat Generation

Literary movement that rejected the conformity and capitalism of postwar America through their writing, as well as through their fashion and drug use

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated

Southern Manifesto

1956, Opposition of over 100 Southern congressmen to Brown v. Board of Education decision

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Sit-in Movement

students from the NAACP Youth Council began this movement by sitting in segregated lunch-counters and refusing to leave even when physically assaulted

March on Washington

1963 demonstration in which more than 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights, MLK Jr. gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination.

Malcom X

critic of MLK's optimism and non violent methods, supported black violence and separatism rather than integration

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

The Feminine Mystique

Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender, received backlash from conservatives

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

How did other groups approach the issue of civil rights?

The support and successes of the African American Civil Rights Movement inspired the Chicano Movement, American Indian Movement, the Gay Liberation Movement, among others to use similar tactics of civil disobedience, nonviolence, and militant activism for gaining protections and equality

Wounded Knee

1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance

Indian Self-Determination Act

Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

Stonewall Riots

1969 a group of riots in new york by homosexuals, marked the beginning of the gay rights movement

Counterculture Movement

protest movement in the 1960s that rejected traditional American values and culture ex. hippies, Woodstock Music Festival

Baker v. Carr

1962 one man one vote: attempted to balance the representation of rural and suburban white communities with increasingly minority-majority urban communities

Engel v. Vitale

1962 banned formal prayer in schools, govermment would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

Great Society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice similar to the New Deal

Warren Court

the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech during Johnson's Great Society ex. Engel v. Vitale, Baker v. Carr

Describe 3 significant Great Society acts of legislation

medicare (health insurance to people >65), medicaid (health insurance to low-income or disabilities), Immigration Act (abolished immigration quotas)

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles being stockpiled in Cuba. caused by US attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist regime

US/Iran in the Cold War

The Central Intelligence Agency assisted in the overthrow of a socialist government in Iran amid its efforts to nationalize Iranian oil reserves

Cause of the Vietnam War

Similar to the Korean War, conflict between communist and democratic forces broke out, bringing Russia and China to North Vietnam's aid and the US to the South's

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control, Eisenhower's justification for helping Vietnam

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam after the North Vietnamese fired at a US Battleship in the gulf of tonkin

Outcome of Vietnam War

The US pulled out of the war in 1973 amid massive protests, leaving North Vietnam to conquer South Vietnam

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy in 1969 for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

stagflation

a period in the early 1970s of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Watergate Scandal

1972-1974 scandal involving Nixon's administration in which the Democratic presidential campaign was spied, caused Nixon's resignation before he could be impeached

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

1970 regulatory agency that sought to put limits on the environmental impact of industry on the land, and air, and water

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius, called attention to energy problem

Moral Majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism

The New Right

conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination, resented by conservatives

Kent State Massacre

1970 Four killed, nine wounded by Ohio National Guard during protest of U.S. invasion of Cambodia in the Vietnam War

Griswold v. Connecticut

1965 decision that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy, right to contraceptives

Gideon v. Wainwright

1963 right to a public attorney