BIOL 1160 Exam 4 Study Guide: Circulatory and Digestive Systems

Blood flow through a capillary bed

Regulated by precapillary sphincters.

Large veins, medium veins, and venules

Have valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

Blood flow in arteries and veins

Pulsatile, but steady in capillaries.

Pulmonary circuit

The only route in which arteries carry less oxygen than veins.

Tissue fluid reabsorption

Most is reabsorbed by the lymphoid system.

Lymphoid system functions

Involved in fluid recovery, immune surveillance, and lipid absorption.

Red bone marrow

Where all immune cells of the lymphoid system originate.

Lymph origin

Originates in blood capillaries that pick up tissue fluid.

Immune system coverage

Spans nearly every organ and tissue in the human body.

Outermost wall of an artery or vein

Called the tunica externa and in large arteries and veins contains the vasa vasorum.

Greatest volume of blood in the body

Found in veins.

Cause of varicose veins

Failure of the venous valves.

Vessel supplying 80% of the cerebrum

Internal carotid artery.

Tributaries of the inferior vena cava

The vertebral veins are not tributaries.

Afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Veins.

Correct route of blood flow

Heart → conducting artery → distributing artery → arteriole → capillary → venule → medium vein → large vein → heart.

Highlighted structure (1)

Right internal carotid artery.

Highlighted structure (2)

Pulmonary veins.

Highlighted structure (3)

Left renal artery.

Highlighted structure (4)

Cephalic vein.

Type of blood vessel shown

Continuous capillary.

Type of blood vessel shown

Fenestrated capillary.

Type of blood vessel shown

Sinusoid.

Lacteals

Special lymphoid vessels that absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

Fluid recovery by lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels recover about 15% of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

Lymph composition

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in protein.

Forces aiding lymph flow

Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels, the thoracic pump, the skeletal muscle pump, and arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels help lymph to flow.

Largest lymphatic vessels

Collecting ducts are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the subclavian veins.

Examples of lymphoid tissue

Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer patches), MALT, lymphoid nodules, macrophages, and diffuse lymphoid tissue.

Common lymphoid tissue in the small intestine

Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer patches) are common in the small intestine.

T cells immunocompetence

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the thymus.

Largest tonsils

The palatine tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.

Degeneration with age

The thymus shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

Lymphoid organs with afferent vessels

The only lymphoid organ(s) with afferent lymphatic vessels is(are) the lymph nodes.

Antigen-presenting cells

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells can act as antigen-presenting cells.

B cells differentiation

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into plasma cells.

Upper respiratory tract

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the pharynx.

Divisions of the nose

The nose is divided into right and left halves called the nasal cavities.

Alveolus blood supply

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery.

Ciliated cells absence

The terminal bronchiole does not contain ciliated cells.

Bronchus characteristics

The left main bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and less vertical than the right main bronchus.

Heart indentation in lung

The heart indents into the cardiac notch of the left lung.

Total lung lobes

The lungs have a total of five lobes.

Sound formation in speech

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the epiglottis.

Largest cartilage

The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage.

Mucus production

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by goblet cells of the respiratory tract.

Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Correct order of structures air moves through when inspired through the nose.

laryngeal cartilages

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

hyoid bone

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

thyrohyoid ligament

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

tracheal cartilages

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

cricothyroid ligament

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

primary bronchus

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

nasal concha

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

esophagus

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

pharynx

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

larynx

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

upper lobe of left lung

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

lower lobe of right lung

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

upper lobe of right lung

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

middle lobe of right lung

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

lower lobe of left lung

Highlighted structure in the reference leader line.

Trachea

Indicated structure in the figure.

Main bronchi

Indicated structure in the figure.

Lobar bronchi

Indicated structure in the figure.

Segmental bronchi

Indicated structure in the figure.

Respiratory bronchioles

Indicated structure in the figure.

The kidneys are retroperitoneal.

True statement about the anatomy of the urinary system.

The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

True statement about the anatomy of the urinary system.

The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females.

True statement about the anatomy of the urinary system.

The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity.

False statement about the anatomy of the urinary system.

The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney.

False statement about the anatomy of the urinary system.

urethra

Not an organ of the urinary system.

liver

Not an organ of the urinary system.

ureter

Organ of the urinary system.

urinary bladder

Organ of the urinary system.

kidney

Organ of the urinary system.

synthesize glucose

Process performed by kidneys in life-threatening starvation by deaminating amino acids.

The urinary system

Organ system that excretes nitrogenous wastes.

The cardiovascular system

Not the organ system that excretes nitrogenous wastes.

The integumentary system

Not the organ system that excretes nitrogenous wastes.

The digestive system

Not the organ system that excretes nitrogenous wastes.

The respiratory system

Not the organ system that excretes nitrogenous wastes.

medial concavity of the kidney

Called the hilum, which admits the renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter.

hilum

Where blood vessels, nerves, and the renal pelvis enter/exit the kidney.

renal pyramid

Voids urine into the minor calyx.

minor calyx

Receives urine from the renal pyramid.

major calyx

Collects urine from multiple minor calyces.

renal medulla

Inner region of the kidney.

renal papilla

Tip of the renal pyramid that drains urine into the minor calyx.

ureter

Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

renal tubule

Part of the nephron where blood plasma is filtered.

renal corpuscle

Structure in the kidney where blood plasma is filtered.

renal capsule

Surrounds the renal corpuscle.

renal column

Part of the kidney that separates renal pyramids.

renal calyx

Collects urine from the renal papilla.

perirenal fat capsule

Protective layer surrounding the kidney.

renal fascia

Connective tissue layer surrounding the kidney.

fibrous capsule

Innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney.

Calyces and Renal Pelvis

two calyces and a renal pelvis