Criminal Justice-Chapter 2

What does Lifestyle-Exposure Theory explain?

Unequal distribution of crime and victims based on routine activities.

Who faces higher victimization risk?

Women, youth, minorities, low-income people, and city dwellers.

Who commits most violent crimes against victims?

Someone the victim knew, due to trust.

What is repetitive (reoccurring) victimization?

What is repetitive (reoccurring) victimization?

What impacts does crime have on victims

Economic, psychological, and emotional costs.

How does fear of crime affect people?

It limits freedom and creates anxiety

What are the three qualities of punishment?

Swift, certain, and severe.

What keeps most people in check?

Fear of punishment.

How should punishment be applied?

Must fit the crime, not just the person

What can traits reveal about crime?

Traits can indicate who may or may not become a criminal.

Who do psychiatrists identify in relation to crime?

Psychopaths and sociopaths who can’t control impulses and feel no emotion.

What does the theory “criminals are born, not made” suggest?

Criminal behavior is inborn, not learned.

What does the sociological explanation of crime say?

criminals are made, not born.

What does the life-course perspective study?

Factors that lead to criminal careers from childhood to adulthood.

What is the gender gap in crime?

Men are more likely to commit crime than women.

What is still unexplained about the gender gap?

Why women’s crimes differ from men’s.

What do many theories of criminality focus on?

Visible crimes and the poor.

What do theories often ignore?

Upper-class and organized crime.