Male Reproductive System

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on urology topics such as Fournier’s gangrene, paraphimosis, priapism, prostate and testicular diseases, STIs, and common treatments.

Fournier’s Gangrene risk factors include diabetes, trauma to the urethral/penile area, and the use of __ inhibitors.

SGLT2

Fournier’s gangrene is considered a __ emergency requiring surgical debridement.

surgical

Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin cannot be returned back to its original position because of swelling of the __.

glans

Paraphimosis is a __ emergency.

urologic

Predisposing factor for paraphimosis is __, a tight foreskin that cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis.

phimosis

Is ischemic priapism one of the two types of priapism, the other being __ priapism.

nonischemic

Males with __ disease are at very high risk of ischemic priapism.

sickle cell

Prostate cancer is more common in older men (>50 years), African Americans, and those with obesity, as well as men with a family history; one risk factor is __ ethnicity.

African Americans

Testicular cancer can present as a new onset of a __ (tumor pressing on vessels).

hydrocele

Testicular torsion presents with abrupt, extremely painful swelling; the affected testicle is usually __ and located higher than the unaffected.

higher

Torsion of the appendix testis presents as a blue-colored round mass on the testicular surface, with a __ reflex; cremasteric reflex is present.

cremasteric

Ideal temperature for spermatogenesis is __ degrees Celsius cooler than core body temperature.

1 to 2

Cryptorchidism increases the risk of __ cancer.

testicular

The prostate produces PSA and prostatic fluid; prostatic fluid is __ (alkaline) and helps sperm survive in the vagina.

alkaline

Up to 60% of 60-year-old men have benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which refers to proliferation of tissue in the prostatic __ zone.

transition

The epididymis is located at the __ aspect of the testis.

posterior

The vas deferens are cut/clipped during a __ procedure.

vasectomy

The cremasteric reflex is __ with testicular torsion.

absent

A hydrocele will __ on scrotal transillumination, whereas a testicular tumor will not.

transilluminate

During acute bacterial prostatitis, a urine culture is obtained after gentle prostatic __ massage.

massage

For patients at risk of STIs who practice anal intercourse, treatment is ceftriaxone IM × 1 dose plus a __ (e.g., levofloxacin) for 10 days.

fluoroquinolone

Use of SGLT2 inhibitors increases the risk of __ (inflammation of the glans).

balanitis

First-line treatment for erectile dysfunction is __ inhibitors.

PDE5

Sildenafil should not be used with nitrates because of the risk of severe __.

hypotension

Prostate cancer screening should be an __ decision for men age 55 to 69 years, based on risk factors.

individualized

The gold standard for diagnosing testicular cancer is __ biopsy.

testicular

Unilateral right-sided varicocele may indicate a tumor compressing a large vein, such as the __.

vena cava

Finasteride reduces prostate size but PSA must be __ while on therapy.

doubled

Peyronie’s disease involves fibrotic plaques on the __, causing penile pain during erection and deformity.

tunica albuginea

Physiologic phimosis is common in newborns; pathologic phimosis is due to chronic inflammation and edema of the __.

foreskin

Hydroceles will __ on scrotal exam, and newborns often resolve spontaneously.

transilluminate

A spermatocele is a fluid-filled cyst containing nonviable sperm and will __ on scrotal transillumination.

transilluminate