BIO TEAS

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and histone proteins that packages DNA into a compact form, protecting its structure and sequence.

Nucleus

The organelle that houses the cell's genetic material and controls the processes of transcription and translation.

Nucleolus

A structure within the nucleus responsible for assembling RNA and proteins into ribosomes.

Ribosome

Cellular structures where proteins are synthesized by assembling amino acids.

Mitochondria

Membrane-bound organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP and facilitating energy production.

Chemiosmosis

The process of moving hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane to create a proton gradient during cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A continuous membrane system in the cell involved in the synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).

Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes used to remove waste from the cell.

Cytoskeleton

A network of proteins in the cytoplasm that regulates cell division and maintains cell shape.

Macromolecule

A large and complex molecule made up of smaller building blocks called monomers.

Monomer

A small, simple molecule that can bond to form larger, complex molecules known as polymers.

Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating subunits called monomers.

Dehydration

The process of joining monomers to form a polymer with the release of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water.

Carbohydrate

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, serving as a primary energy source.

Lipid

Organic compounds that are insoluble in water, playing roles in energy storage and structural components of cell membranes.

Triglycerides

A type of lipid made of three fatty acids and glycerol, acting as a concentrated energy source.

Peptide Bonds

Covalent bonds linking amino acids together in a chain to form proteins.

DNA

A double-stranded molecule that carries genetic information and instructions for building proteins.

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Alleles

Alternate forms of a gene present in an individual.

Phenotype

Observable physical traits of an organism resulting from the expression of genes.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, determining specific traits.

Osmosis

The spontaneous movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane along a concentration gradient.

Independent Variable

The variable that is controlled in an experiment to see its effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment and is affected by the independent variable.

Control Group

A baseline group in an experiment used for comparison with the experimental group.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observation that can be tested.

Double Blind Experiment

An experiment where neither the researcher nor the subjects know who is receiving the treatment to prevent bias.

Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size and charge by running a current through a gel.