Joints and Movements

fibrous

Types of ___ joint

sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes

cartilaginous

Types of ___ joints … synchondroses, symphyses

synovial

articular cartilage on ends of long bones surrounded by accessory ligaments; freely moveable

suture

Subtype of fibrous joint

Made of dense fibrous CT

syndesmoses

more dense fibrous CT than a suture

interosseous membranes

Sheet of dense fibrous CT between two parallel bones

synchondroses

Type of Cartilaginous joint

completely joined by hyaline cartilage; no movement

symphyses

Type of cartilaginous joint

connect by fibrocartilage; some movement

synarthroses

Functional classification…allow no movement

ex: suture and syndesmoses (gomphosis) joints

amphiarthroses

Functional classification: allow little movement

ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

diarthroses

Functional Classification: freely moveable

ex: hip, knee, shoulder, elbow

fibrous joints

lack synovial cavity; held together with dense fibrous CT; little or no movement

examples of fibrous joints

ex include sutures, anterior tibiofibular ligament, interosseous membrane

cartilaginous joints

lack synovial cavity; held together with cartilage CT; little or no movement

examples of cartilaginous joints

ex include… synchondrosis; pubic symphysis; epiphyseal plate

They have a synovial cavity

What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?

Articular cartilage

What covers the surfaces of synovial joints?

By ligaments

How are synovial joints held together?

Articular capsule

What surrounds the synovial joints?

Fluid, nerve and blood supply

What do synovial joints contain?

They permit a large range of movement

What is a significant function of synovial joints?

Synovial Membrane

Specialized soft tissue lining the inner capsules of movable joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae

structure of synovial joint

bursae

sac-like, filled with synovial fluid; cushion movement

tendon sheaths

tube like bursae; wraps around tendons that have a lot of friction

gliding movements at synovial joints

nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glive over each other

Angular movements at synovial joints

Flexion: Decrease in the angle between bones of a joint - sagittal plane

Extension: Increase in the angle between bones of a joint - restores to anatomical position

Hyperextension: excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position

Abduction: move appendage away from midline

Adduction: move appendage toward midline

Circumduction: move distal part of appendage in a circle

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Rotation movement at synovial joint

Turn on a pivot with a circle

Special joint movements at the synovial joint

Elevation: upward movement raising body part vertically

Depression: downward movement lowering body part vertically

Protraction: move body part forward/anterior on horizontal plane

Retraction: move body part backward/posterior

Supination: turn palm face forward or upward

Pronation: turn palm face backward or downward

Inversion: turn sole foot inward

Eversion: turn sole foot outward

Dorsiflexion: point toes upward; stand on heels

Plantar Flexion: point toes downward; raise heels

Elevation

Think where the leg is moving

Depression

Protraction

Retraction

Supination

Pronation

Inversion

Eversion

Dorsiflexion

Plantar Flexion

coracoclavicular ligament

coracoclavicular ligament: conoid

proximal ligament part

Coracoclavicular ligament: Trapezoid

Distal ligament part

acromioclavicular ligament

coracohumeral ligament

glenohumeral ligament

coracoacromial ligament

glenoid labrum

subacromial bursa

anterior cruciate ligament

posterior cruciate ligament

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

tibial (medial) collateral ligament

medial meniscus

lateral meniscus

transverse ligament

patellar ligament

pubofemoral ligament

iliofemoral ligament

ischiofemoral ligament

acetabular labrum

anular ligament of radius

ulnar collateral ligament

radial collateral ligament

interosseous membrane (arm)