memory quiz

explicit memory (declarative)

facts and experiences we consciously know and declare

effortful processing

the process in which explicit memories are encoded

automatic processing

unconscious encoding, produces implicit memories

implicit memories (procedural)

contain automatic skills along with classically conditioned associations (fire burned me so I shouldnt touch it) 

two ways to encode information

automatic processing and effortful processing

3 steps to forming a memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

types of encoding

acoustic, visual, semantic

3 types of automatic processing

space, time, and freqeuncy

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

most common type is rehersal

maintenance rehearsal

repeated verbalization or constantly thinking about a piece of information

elaborative rehearsal

elaborating on the information by thinking about the meaning (semantics) or how it relates to past knowledge

iconic memory

1 second visual memory

used for detecting motion and change

echoic memory

1 second audio memory

short term memory

can store 7 ± 2 pieces of information 

primary memory system

chunking

organizing information into familiar units so its easier to encode

mnemonics

devices used to enhance recall (images, rhymes)

hierarches

board topics divided into smaller subtopics (flow charts)

shallow processing

elementary level processing (letters in words)

deep processing

semantic processing

episodic

memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated 

schemas

the framework used to help us understand our world

left frontal lobe

words, language, and numbers

right frontal lobe

images, scenes, and events

hippocampus

saves long-term explicit memories, you cannot store new memories without it

left hippocampus damage 

trouble remembering verbal information

right hippocampus damage

trouble recalling visual information

hippocampus memory consolidation

moves older memories to the cortex

cerebellum

plays a major role in forming and storing implicit memories

damaged cerebellum

the inability to develop certain classical conditions

basal ganglia

deep brain structures involved in motor movements

receives input from the cortex

amygdala

emotional processing

flashbulb memory

mental snapshots of shocking/exciting moments

3 stages of information storage

1. sensory memory

2. short-term + working memory

3. long-term memory

sensory memory

initial recording of sensory information

stored only for an instant—— most of it gets unprocessed 

iconic & echoic memories 

working memory

aka working attention

active system that processes short-term memory, can last longer than a short-term memory which lasts 30secs

parts of working memory

phonological loop - mentally rehearsing the information

visuospatial sketchpad - helps keep track of visual info around us

central executive - coordinates working memory parts and focuses attention

types of long-term memory

explicit and implicit