Biology Final Extended Response and Labeling

Tests and Quizzes extended response and labeling (section 2)

Trypanosoma brucei is the agent that causes the disease African sleeping sickness. Observe a cell of this organism at the tip of the arrow in the photo of a blood smear below. Is Trypanosoma brucei made up of a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell? Identify feature(s) you observe in this cell to support your choice.

The cell is a eukaryotic cell because there is a dark purple stained area within the cell, this is a nucleus and only eukaryotic cells have nucleuses.

List the 4 functions of proteins

four of the six functions of proteins are support, enzymes, transportation, and defense

The following lists the sequence of nucleotides making up one strand of DNA. write the sequence of nucleotide bases found on the complementary strand without spaces; AAGTACCGT

TATGGCATC

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA. Be specific.

DNA contains the nucleotide bases A, T, C, G, whereas instead of T RNA contains U. DNA is a double helix whereas RNA is single stranded. DNA is the form that genetic material is found in during cell division but most of the time genetic material is found as RNA.

Part of the cytoskeleton. Hollow tubes. Act as tracks along which organelles and vesicles are transported. Make up cilia and flagella.

microtubules

Breaks down glucose or other organic molecules and uses that energy to form ATP from ADP and Phosphate.

mitochondria

Detoxifies toxins and drugs. Synthesizes phospholipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Contains digestive enzymes that break down old, damaged organelles or may contribute to programmed cell death.

lysosomes

Processes and modifies proteins, adding carbohydrates to some. Packages them into vesicles for transport out of the cell or to locations within the cell.

Golgi apparatus

Protein factory. Combines amino acids to form polypeptide chains.

ribosome

which tissue are fibroblasts found in

areolar loose connective tissue

which tissue are osteocytes found in

bone

which tissue are glial cells found in

nervous

which tissue are chondrocytes found in

cartilage

in which tissue are adipocytes found

adipose tissue

which tissue are platelets found in

blood

while observing cardiac muscle under a microscope for the first time, the student noticed lines running perpendicular to the direction of he muscle as shown in the photo below. These lines are called

intercalated disks

what tissue is this

skeletal muscle

what tissue is this

areolar loose connective tissue

what is this

simple columnar epithelial

what is this

dense fibrous connective tissue

what is this

smooth muscle

what is this

elastic cartilage

what is this

nervous tissue

what is this

compact bone

There are times when ships wreck at sea. Life boats are supplied with fresh water. If the stranded passengers run out of water, they may be tempted to start drinking sea water; it’s all around them. However, they should think about that choice. Seawater is hypertonic to our cells. Seawater contains approximately 3.5% salt whereas our cells contain 0.9%. Once the salt enters into their blood; a. What would happen to the size of the cells? Why would this happen?; b. What cell transport process would be occurring to the cells of the desperate shipwrecked passengers?

Once salt enters the blood, the hypertonicity of the solution would cause water to diffuse out of the red blood cells in order to try to reach an isotonic state. This action would result in crenation of the red blood cells. The cells of the shipwrecked passengers would be performing osmosis because water is crossing the plasma membrane and moving from low concentrations of solutes to high concentration of solutes.

________ glands secrete their product into cavities or onto the body surface. they frequently have ducts

exocrine

________ glands secrete their product directly into the blood stream

endocrine

what would be the complete name of this tissue

stratified squamous epithelium

Answer the following questions about the features of muscle tissue. Your answer for each questions will be either smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, two of the muscle tissues or all three. If the answer is two of the muscle tissues, state the 2 specifically. Write the letter of the question followed by your answer.; A. Which is/are Striated?; B. Which is/are Voluntary?; C. Which is/are Involuntary?; D. Which cells are tapered?; E. Which is the longest of the three?

A. Cardiac and Skeletal ;B. Skeletal;C. Smooth and Cardiac ;D. Smooth ;E. Skeletal

Nervous tissue makes up the ________ and ________

neurons and neuroglia; brain and spinal cord

How is epithelial tissue named? What are the two minimum parts to the name? List and describe the options for each of these two parts.

Epithelial tissue is named by shape and layers, they can be either squamous, squished and egg-like, cuboidal, cube shaped, or columnar, shaped long like a column. For layers they can either be simple, which means there is only one layer of cells and they all touch the basement membrane, stratified, they are layered, or psuedostratified, meaning they appear as if they are layered yet all the cells still touch the basement membrane.

list the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost

epicardium or pericardium; myocardium; endocardium

Trace the flow of blood from the left ventricle of the heart on to the systemic circulation – state general names of blood vessels from largest diameter to smallest diameter that carry blood away from the heart to body tissues, then from those tissues back to the heart to the right atrium again. State whether the blood in the chamber or vessels is oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor.

left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - vena cava - right atrium ; Oxygen rich - left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles; Oxygen poor - venules , veins, vena cava, right atrium

Three mechanisms move blood (against gravity) from the lower parts of the body to the heart. List and briefly describe how each aids in returning blood to the heart from the lower extremities.

- pressure from breathing -valves to prevent back flow within the veins -contraction of skeletal muscle

There are three categories of functions of blood: 1. Transportation System, 2. Defense, and 3. Regulation. List 2 functions in each of these three categories of functions of blood.

1 transportation - moves nutrients to cells - transports oxygen to cells ; 2 defense - protect against foreign antigens - prevent fluid loss ; 3 regulation - pH -temperature

insufficient production of RBCs caused by failure to produce intrinsic factor which makes the absorption of vitamin B12 impossible

pernicious anemia

genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules that stick together to cause RBCs to take on a curved shape.

sickle cell anemia

most common form, lead to inadequate hemoglobin production

iron deficiency anemia

occurs when red blood cell destruction exceeds production that can be caused by defects in membranes of RBCs or transfusion mismatch

hemolytic anemia

what is lymph and where does it come from

Lymph is excess interstitial fluid and it comes from the capillaries, it is lost from the blood during the exchanges made at capillaries and left behind. That is when the lymphatic vessels that lie within capillary bed pick it up to return it to the circulatory system.

largest lymphoid organ; responsible for clearing blood of microorganisms and removing old RBCs

spleen

patch of lymphatic tissue that helps prevent the passage of pathogens by way of the nose and mouth

tonsils

location where T-cells mature; learn "self" from "nonself"

thymus gland

bean-shaped structure that filters lymph

lymph node

site of origin for all types of blood cells; located in spongy bone

bone marrow

site of origin for all types of blood cells; located in spongy bone

Peyer's patches

Identify each of the following descriptions and components/cell processes/cells of your body's defenses with the appropriate line of defense: first line, second line or third line/Adaptive Specific.; a. skin and mucous membranes; b. clonal selection; c. tears; d. inflammatory response; e. Helper T-cells; f. natural killer cells; g. mucous membranes; h. lysozyme; i. interferons; j. memory B-cells

a. first ; b. third ; c. first; d. second; e. third; f. second; g. first; h. first; i. second; j. third

secretes antibodies specific to extracellular antigen

plasma cell

shuts off immune response when the invader has been removed

suppressor T cell

presents antigen to helper T cell

Macrophage

become active in future encounters with the same antigens

Memory B and T cells

serves as “main switch’ that activates both the cell-mediated immune response and the anti-body-mediated immune response

Helper T cell

cause cancer cells and infected body cells to burst

Cytotoxic T cell

Describe the difference between the primary and secondary immune response. What allows for the secondary immune response?

-Primary response = first encounter with an antigen, memory cells are formed -Secondary response = subsequent encounter with an antigen, antibodies formed faster and in greater concentration than the first encounter with the antigen

There are 2 key features that differentiate the Adaptive (Internal Specific) Immune System from the Innate (nonspecific) immune defenses. List and briefly describe each of the 2 key features.

adaptive had memory and specificity where as innate is nonspecific and does not have memory

There are 2 key features that differentiate the Adaptive (Internal Specific) Immune System from the Innate (nonspecific) immune defenses. List and briefly describe each of the 2 key features.

adaptive had memory and specificity where as innate is nonspecific and does not have memory

________ causes redness, swelling, itching, and other symptoms of an allergic response. It is released from mast cells after an allergen binds to an IgE receptor on the surface of the mast cell.

histamine