mcb small things to remember

Nirenberg and Leder

genetic code and codons

pol 1 transcribles

rRNA

pol 2 transcribles

mRNA

pol 3 transcribes

tRN

eukaryote initiation of transcription

no sigma factor in RNAP, transcription factors

bacteria initiation of transcription

sigma factor binds to promoter on DNA directly

-10 consensus sequence

TATAAT

-35 consensus sequence

TTGACA

how many subunits in RNAP II/holoenzyme

6

which subunit in holoenzyme is special

σ

one gene/one enzyme modifications

• info to make all proteins is in genes, and many proteins are not enzymes

• some proteins = 2 or more polypeptides

• some mRNA can make 2+ polypeptides

• some genes produce non-coding RNA

Beadle and Tatum

bread mold and mutations, discovered one gene/one enzyme

Archibald Garrod

inheriting a mutated gene is correlated with defect in metabolism

R Kornberg

chromatin in the nucleus looks like beads on a string

a cell has lots of chromatin and no nucleolous, it is in __

m-phase

what phase is this chromosome

m phase

m phase chromatin

heterochromatin, tight

interphase chromatin

euchromatin, loose (30-nm)

telomerase

extends DNA strand, solves end replication problem

DNA ligase

seals nicks

DNA pol 1

removes primer and fills in RNA primer gap

RNA primer

creates RNA start of Okazaki fragment

nucleosome

8 histones, 146 base pairs (doesn’t have H1)

num of histone proteins

5

__ dont have histones

bacteria

nucleosome + H1

chromatosome (has 166 base pairs)

solenoid

chromatin model that is see through

zig zag

chromatin model that is not see through

what does supercoiling in bacteria?

topoisomerases

fix end replication with

telomerase (RNA dependent, DNA synthesizing)

steps of end replication

telomerase extends, primase makes RNA tail, polymerase puts down new DNA and nothing is cut off

Horowitz and Woodcock

zigzag model of nucleosomes

proofreading

3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

why is DNA replication so accurate

A-T and G-C bonding is strong

DNA pol unlikely to catalyze mismatched bases

can proofread

Glycolysis (input of 1 glucose and 2 ATP)

2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 net ATP

Pyruvate oxidation (2 pyruvate)

2 Acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO₂

Citric acid cycle (2 acetyl-coA)

4 CO₂ + 6 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + 2 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation/ETC (uses NADH and FADH2)

H₂O + 32 ATP, regenerated NAD⁺ and FAD

MCB number of ATP produced from 1 glucose

36

transcription reads

3’ to 5’