Bio 26 - Molecules & Carbohydrates

4 Major Classes of Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbon Bonding Properties

Can form up to four covalent bonds, primarily binds to C, O, N, S, P, or H, and is nonpolar.

Hydrocarbons

Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

Functional Groups

Groups that attach to a C-H core molecule, act as a unit during chemical reactions, and provide specific properties.

Hydroxyl Group

A polar functional group with a negative charge due to the electronegativity of oxygen atoms.

Monomers vs. Polymers

Monomers are individual subunits (1) that link via covalent bonds to form polymers (many).

What are monomers?

Macromolecules consist of these individual subunits

Polymers

Monomers are linked together via covalent bonds (tight and sharing electrons) into this

Dehydration Synthesis

Synthesizes polymers by removing water to form a new covalent bond between monomers.

What is an example of dehydration synthesis

molecules of glucose are linked to form the disaccharide maltose

Hydrolysis

Breaks down polymers into monomers using water as a reactant, splitting an H+ and OH- between the monomers.

Example of Hydrolysis

Disaccharide maltose is broken down to form two glucose monomers

Enzymes Purpose in Macromolecule Reactions

Biological molecules that catalyze and speed up dehydration and hydrolysis reactions.

Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes

Amylase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase.

Lipid Enzymes

Broken down by lipases

Protein enzymenes

Broken down by pepsin and peptidase

Where are carbohydrates found

Grains, fruit, vegetables

What do carbohydrates do?

Provide energy to body in form of glucose

Carbohydrate General Formula and Ratio

Represented by (CH2O)n with a Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen ratio of 1:2:1.

Three Main Carbohydrate Subtypes

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars with 3-7 carbons, ending in the suffix -ose, containing a C=O carbonyl group.

Hexose Structural Isomers

6 carbon ring monomers of carbohydrates, contains Glucose, galactose, and fructose

structural isomer formula of a hexose monosaccharide

C6H12O6

Glucose function

important source of energy

Galactose function

part of lactose/milk sugar

Fructose

part of sucrose/fruit

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond via dehydration synthesis; used for sugar transport or energy storage.

Common Disaccharides and Components

Maltose (Grain sugar) (Glu+Glu), Lactose (milk sugar) (Glu+Gal), and Sucrose (table sugar) (Glu+Fru).

Maltose Structure and Function

Glu + Glu, grain sugar

Lactose structure and function

glu + gal, milk sugar

Sucrose structure and function

glu + fru, table sugar

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monomer chain of monosaccharides, Joined by glycosidic linkages

Function and example of oligosaccharides

Cell recognition and adhesion, example includes Raffinose

Raffinose function

cell adhesion/cell recognition

Polysaccharides

Long, branched or unbranched chains of monosaccharides (polymers) joined by glycosidic linkages. Can consist of multiple types of monosaccharides, has a function of energy storage and fuel

Examples of polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitlin

Energy Storage Polysaccharides

Starch used by plants and glycogen used by animals; both are branched.

Cellulose

Long chain of monosaccharides, structural support in plants in arhopods

Structural Support Polysaccharides

Cellulose used by plants and chitin used by arthropods and fungi; both are unbranched.

Glycosidic bond

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides

Identify the 4 categories of carbohydrates and give specific examples and their function

Do off memory