Kin 2509 Chapter 8

cheil

lips

stomat

mouth or oral cavity

upper GI tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

lower GI tract

small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

oral cavity

mouth; lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium

parts of the oral cavity: hard palate

anterior portion, supported by bone

parts of the oral cavity: soft palate

posterior portion, not supported by bone; closes off nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity

parts of the oral cavity: uvula

hanging from the soft palate; plays role in snoring and speech sounds

parts of the oral cavity: tongue

strong, flexible, muscular; upper surface is the dorsum which has papilae or tastebuds

parts of the oral cavity: periodontium

structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth

parts of the oral cavity: gingiva

gums; specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth

parts of the oral cavity: salivary glands

secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

parts of the oral cavity: dental arches

hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking; maxillary is upper, mandibular is lower, temporomandibular (tmj) formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together.

dentition

Natural teeth arranged in the dental arch

saliva

colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth

pharynx

throat, the common passageway for both respiration and digestion

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Esophagus

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach; relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the stomach

stomach

a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (top), body, and antrum (lower)

rugae

the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach; allows stomach to increase and decrease in size

gastric juices

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion

pyloric spchincter

ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine.

pylorus

the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine

small intestine

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine

jejunum

Middle portion of the small intestine

ileum

last part of small intestine

large intestine

extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus; waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus

cecum

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

ileocecal sphincter

the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

vermiform appendix

appendix; hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

colon

the longest portion of the large intestine; ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

ascending colon

travels (upward) from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

transverse colon

passes (horizontally) across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen

descending colon

travels (down) the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon

is an (S-shaped) structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below

rectum

the widest division of the large intestine

anus

the lower opening of the digestive tract

anorectal

refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit

liver

produces bile, removes toxins from the blood and turning food into fuel and nutrients the body needs

bilirubin

a bile pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown; green/yellow color

bile

aids in the digestion of fats; a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat

biliary tree

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

gallbladder

cholecystic; stores and concentrates bile

pancreas

Produces and secretes

pancreatic juice, containing

digestive enzymes and

bicarbonate ions,

into small intestine

digestion

The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules

metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

anabolism

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

catabolism

the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

absorption

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

mastication

chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

bolus

A soft mass of chewed food.

Peristalsis

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

borborygmus

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

bariatrics

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

gastroenterologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

orthodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

peridontist

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

proctologist

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

Registered Dietitian

specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

aphthous ulcers

canker sores; mouth ulcers; gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth

cheilosis

cheilitis; a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

herpes labialis

cold sores; fever blisters; blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HVS-1)

stomatitis

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

leukoplakia

abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops on the tongue or inside of the cheek

stomatomycosis

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

oral thrush

develops when the fungus Candida albicans grows out of control; creamy white lesions on the tongue or inner cheek

trismus

describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

xerostomia

dry mouth; lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands

cleft lip

harelip; birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

bruxism

the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

dental caries

(tooth decay, cavity) infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

dental plaque

forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

edentulous

without teeth

halitosis

bad breath; unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

periodontal disease

(periodontitis) inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

dental calculus

tartar; dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth

gingivitis

earliest stage of periodontal disease and the inflammation affects only the gums

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

trench mouth; caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

eosinophilic esophagitis

a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

Barrett's esophagus

a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

stricture

abnormal narrowing results from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties

pyrosis

heartburn; burning sensation in upper abdomen due to reflux of gastric acid

esophageal varices

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

hiatal hernia

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

gastritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

gastroparesis

a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally

gastrorrhea

excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

peptic ulcers

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

anorexia

loss of appetite

cachexia

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

dehydration

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance

malnutrition

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.