214 EXAM 2 RETRY

Baby Fat Function

Maintains body temperature; peaks at 9 months

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Best for infants’ needs, correct fat/protein amounts, protection against infections

Cephalocaudal Trend

Head develops faster than body

Proximodistal Trend

Center outward develops before arms/legs

Brain Areas

Neurons store/transmit info, Glial cells responsible for myelination

Prefrontal Cortex

Front areas controlling movement

Synaptic Pruning

Neurons die off when not stimulated

Myelination

Coating nerve fibers for efficient message transfer

Growth Faltering

Slower weight gain than expected

Neuroimaging Techniques

EEG, ERP, PET, fMRI, NIRS

Highly Plastic Cortex

Reorganizes functions in early years

Sensitive Period for Brain Development

Extreme sensory deprivation leads to damage

Appropriate Stimulation

Aids brain development

Overstimulation

Overwhelming amount of stimulus

Learning Capacities

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation

Motor Skills Development

Gross motor, fine motor, dynamic system theory

Infant Face Preference

Infants prefer mother's face

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

How do infants think?

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Theory that includes Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding

Information Processing Theory

Components of the mental system

LAD (Language acquisition device)

innate system containing a universal grammar

Language Comprehension vs Production order

Production (word combinations) precedes comprehension (understood language)

First Speech Sounds

Cooing, Babbling

Overextension and Underextension

Applying words broadly (Overextension) or narrowly (Underextension)

Telegraphic Speech

• 2-word utterances

• Involve words that aren’t necessary

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Basic trust vs mistrust, Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Basic vs Self-Conscious Emotions

• Basic - happiness, fear, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust

• Self-conscious - guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride

  • higher-order feelings involving injury to or enhancement of sense of self

Social Referencing

(8-10 months)Seeking emotional info from trusted person

Emotional Self-Regulation

Adjusting emotional states that modify reactivity

Temperament Dimensions

Reactivity, Self-regulation

Goodness of Fit and Temperament

Matching child-rearing environment to child's temperament

Self-Awareness

Implicit sense of self-world differentiation

Self-Control

Effortful control for self-regulation

Frontal Lobe:

responsible for concentration, planning, problem solving, speech, and motor control

Parietal Lobe

sensory/touch processing and reception

Cerebellum

responsible for coordination

Brain Growth Patterns

Experience-expectant brain growth

Experience-dependent brain growth

Experience-dependent brain growth

growth based on specific experiences the child has; not always natural; additional growth as a result of specific experiences

Experience-expectant brain growth

natural-like chances to explore environment like interactions with people; depends on ordinary experience

Synapses

tiny gaps between neurons

Neurotransmitters

chemicals released by neurons and send messages across synapses

Catch-up growth

physical growth delayed due to environment

EEG - Electroencephalogram

brain wave pattern and stability

ERP - Event-Related Potentials

general location of brain wave activity with stimulus

PET - Positron Emission Tomography

blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of brain in response to stimuli; injection of radioactive substance and xray

fMRI - Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging

measures the same as PET (blood flow/oxygen metabolism) but magnetically

NIRS - Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

nfared light beamed at areas of cerebral cortex; measures the same as PET and fMRI, allows movement; limited to C.C.

Highly plastic cortex characteristics

depends on timing of lateralization; brain is highly plastic in first few years of life and able to reorganize specific functions

Cerebral Cortex

largest most sensitive brain structure with extended period of development 

Extreme sensory depravation in early life

causes permanent brain damage or loss of function

Classical Conditioning

reflexes; require unconditioned stimulus; learned behavior

Operant conditioning

operate in environment; stimulus that causes learned behavior; reward-avoidance learning

Habituation

reduction of strength of response of a stimulus due to repetitiveness

Recovery

return high strength response with new stimulus

Gross-motor development

development with control over actions that help infant navigate environment

Fine motor development

development that control over smaller movements

Dynamic system theory of motor development

the mastery of motor skills through aquiring more complex systems of actions

Prereaching

newborn poorly coordinated swipes toward objects (3-6 months)

Reaching

controlled by perception

Pincer Grasp

well-coordinated swipes toward objects (9 months)

Ulnar grasp

clumsy motion in which fingers close against palms (3-4 months)

Visual Cliff

• Gibson and Walk

Development of Depth cues

Infant Facial Preferences

• Face preference toward mother due to repeated exposure

• Distinctions between people start at 3 months

Lateralization

specialization of brain hemispheres (left/right brain)

Skeletal Age

measure of bone development

Programmed Cell Death

makes space for neural fibers/synapses

Primary Circular reactions

• 1-4 months

• simple motor habits centered around the body

Secondary Circular reactions

• 4-8 months

• imitation of familiar behaviors and interesting effects

Coordination of secondary motor reactions

• 8-12 months

• intentional, goal directed behavior

Tertiary motor reactions

• 12-18 months

• exploring objects by acting on them in novel ways

Mental Representations

• 18 - 2 years

• internal depictions of that info can manipulate

• make believe play

Sociocultural theory

how social and cultural factors influence human development and behavior

• interactions with others and cultural context is important

Zone of Proximal Development

range of tasks that the child cannot handle on their own without assistance

Scaffolding

Assist learners in acquiring new knowledge or skills with guidance; decreases as competence increases.

Sensory Store

high-capacity memory system that holds sensory information for a brief period, allowing for further processing.

Short term memory store

Type of memory holds a limited amount of information for a short period of time before either being forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.

Infant Categorization

• 6 months- categorize on basis of 2 correlated features

• after 6 months- categories are based on clusters of features

• Based on features

Theories of Language development

• Behaviorist

• Nativist

• Interactionist

Behaviorist Language Development Theory (BF Skinner)

environment in which we pick up language will effect the language we use

• this doesn’t account for made-up words

Nativist Language Development (Noam Chomsky)

inborn LAD (language acquisition) which biologically prepares infant to learn language rules

• no explanation to universal grammar

Interactionist Language Development Theory

Children interact with environment then watch how the environment responds

Language Production

The process of generating spoken or written language, involving planning, organizing, and executing to communicate

• word combinations children use

Language Comprehension

Ability to understand spoken or written language, including vocabulary, grammar, and context

• language children understand

Joined attention

Ability to share focus on an object or event with another person

Cooing Sounds

vowel like sounds (2 months old)

Babbling Sounds

 repeated consonant-vowel combinations (6 months) 

Basic trust VS Mistrust

• Year 1

• if needs are met, they develop trust and expect the world to be good, allowing exploration. Reliant on people around.

Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt

• Year 2

• Seeing how much control over the environment

• children who arent overly-criticized will develop self-confidence or security

• Under controlling parents will create shame or doubt in ability to act on their own. Reliance on others

Temperament

natural behavioral style and emotional response patterns.

• It influences how individuals interact with others and handle situations

Reactivity

quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity

Self-Regulation

strategies that modify reactivity

Thomas and Chess’ model

categorizations of children

• Easy child (40%)

• Difficult child (10%)

• slow to warm up child (10%)

Ethological Theory of Attachment (Bowlby)

attachment as an evolved response that promotes survival;

• preattachment

• attachment

• clear cut attachment

• reciprocal relationships

Preattachment

attachment at birth - 6 weeks old

Attachment

attachment in the making - 6 weeks to 6-8 months

Clear-Cut attachment

attachment at 6-8 months to 18m - 2 years

• separation anxiety emerges

Reciprocal relationships

Interactions where individuals give and receive support, resources, and care in a mutually beneficial way

• attachment at 18 months - 2 years

Self-recognition

Implicit sense of self-world differentiation

• acting on the environment and receiving sensitive caregiving

Categorical self

classifying self and others based on age, sex, physical appearance, goodness and badness

Compliance

ability to obey simple requests and commands (12-18 months)