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Baby Fat Function
Maintains body temperature; peaks at 9 months
Benefits of Breastfeeding
Best for infants’ needs, correct fat/protein amounts, protection against infections
Cephalocaudal Trend
Head develops faster than body
Proximodistal Trend
Center outward develops before arms/legs
Brain Areas
Neurons store/transmit info, Glial cells responsible for myelination
Prefrontal Cortex
Front areas controlling movement
Synaptic Pruning
Neurons die off when not stimulated
Myelination
Coating nerve fibers for efficient message transfer
Growth Faltering
Slower weight gain than expected
Neuroimaging Techniques
EEG, ERP, PET, fMRI, NIRS
Highly Plastic Cortex
Reorganizes functions in early years
Sensitive Period for Brain Development
Extreme sensory deprivation leads to damage
Appropriate Stimulation
Aids brain development
Overstimulation
Overwhelming amount of stimulus
Learning Capacities
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation
Motor Skills Development
Gross motor, fine motor, dynamic system theory
Infant Face Preference
Infants prefer mother's face
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
How do infants think?
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Theory that includes Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding
Information Processing Theory
Components of the mental system
LAD (Language acquisition device)
innate system containing a universal grammar
Language Comprehension vs Production order
Production (word combinations) precedes comprehension (understood language)
First Speech Sounds
Cooing, Babbling
Overextension and Underextension
Applying words broadly (Overextension) or narrowly (Underextension)
Telegraphic Speech
2-word utterances
Involve words that aren’t necessary
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust vs mistrust, Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Basic vs Self-Conscious Emotions
Basic - happiness, fear, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust
Self-conscious - guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride
higher-order feelings involving injury to or enhancement of sense of self
Social Referencing
(8-10 months)Seeking emotional info from trusted person
Emotional Self-Regulation
Adjusting emotional states that modify reactivity
Temperament Dimensions
Reactivity, Self-regulation
Goodness of Fit and Temperament
Matching child-rearing environment to child's temperament
Self-Awareness
Implicit sense of self-world differentiation
Self-Control
Effortful control for self-regulation
Frontal Lobe:
responsible for concentration, planning, problem solving, speech, and motor control
Parietal Lobe
sensory/touch processing and reception
Cerebellum
responsible for coordination
Brain Growth Patterns
Experience-expectant brain growth
Experience-dependent brain growth
Experience-dependent brain growth
growth based on specific experiences the child has; not always natural; additional growth as a result of specific experiences
Experience-expectant brain growth
natural-like chances to explore environment like interactions with people; depends on ordinary experience
Synapses
tiny gaps between neurons
Neurotransmitters
chemicals released by neurons and send messages across synapses
Catch-up growth
physical growth delayed due to environment
EEG - Electroencephalogram
brain wave pattern and stability
ERP - Event-Related Potentials
general location of brain wave activity with stimulus
PET - Positron Emission Tomography
blood flow and oxygen metabolism in areas of brain in response to stimuli; injection of radioactive substance and xray
fMRI - Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging
measures the same as PET (blood flow/oxygen metabolism) but magnetically
NIRS - Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
nfared light beamed at areas of cerebral cortex; measures the same as PET and fMRI, allows movement; limited to C.C.
Highly plastic cortex characteristics
depends on timing of lateralization; brain is highly plastic in first few years of life and able to reorganize specific functions
Cerebral Cortex
largest most sensitive brain structure with extended period of development
Extreme sensory depravation in early life
causes permanent brain damage or loss of function
Classical Conditioning
reflexes; require unconditioned stimulus; learned behavior
Operant conditioning
operate in environment; stimulus that causes learned behavior; reward-avoidance learning
Habituation
reduction of strength of response of a stimulus due to repetitiveness
Recovery
return high strength response with new stimulus
Gross-motor development
development with control over actions that help infant navigate environment
Fine motor development
development that control over smaller movements
Dynamic system theory of motor development
the mastery of motor skills through aquiring more complex systems of actions
Prereaching
newborn poorly coordinated swipes toward objects (3-6 months)
Reaching
controlled by perception
Pincer Grasp
well-coordinated swipes toward objects (9 months)
Ulnar grasp
clumsy motion in which fingers close against palms (3-4 months)
Visual Cliff
Gibson and Walk
Development of Depth cues
Infant Facial Preferences
Face preference toward mother due to repeated exposure
Distinctions between people start at 3 months
Lateralization
specialization of brain hemispheres (left/right brain)
Skeletal Age
measure of bone development
Programmed Cell Death
makes space for neural fibers/synapses
Primary Circular reactions
1-4 months
simple motor habits centered around the body
Secondary Circular reactions
4-8 months
imitation of familiar behaviors and interesting effects
Coordination of secondary motor reactions
8-12 months
intentional, goal directed behavior
Tertiary motor reactions
12-18 months
exploring objects by acting on them in novel ways
Mental Representations
18 - 2 years
internal depictions of that info can manipulate
make believe play
Sociocultural theory
how social and cultural factors influence human development and behavior
interactions with others and cultural context is important
Zone of Proximal Development
range of tasks that the child cannot handle on their own without assistance
Scaffolding
Assist learners in acquiring new knowledge or skills with guidance; decreases as competence increases.
Sensory Store
high-capacity memory system that holds sensory information for a brief period, allowing for further processing.
Short term memory store
Type of memory holds a limited amount of information for a short period of time before either being forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.
Infant Categorization
6 months- categorize on basis of 2 correlated features
after 6 months- categories are based on clusters of features
Based on features
Theories of Language development
Behaviorist
Nativist
Interactionist
Behaviorist Language Development Theory (BF Skinner)
environment in which we pick up language will effect the language we use
this doesn’t account for made-up words
Nativist Language Development (Noam Chomsky)
inborn LAD (language acquisition) which biologically prepares infant to learn language rules
no explanation to universal grammar
Interactionist Language Development Theory
Children interact with environment then watch how the environment responds
Language Production
The process of generating spoken or written language, involving planning, organizing, and executing to communicate
word combinations children use
Language Comprehension
Ability to understand spoken or written language, including vocabulary, grammar, and context
language children understand
Joined attention
Ability to share focus on an object or event with another person
Cooing Sounds
vowel like sounds (2 months old)
Babbling Sounds
repeated consonant-vowel combinations (6 months)
Basic trust VS Mistrust
Year 1
if needs are met, they develop trust and expect the world to be good, allowing exploration. Reliant on people around.
Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
Year 2
Seeing how much control over the environment
children who arent overly-criticized will develop self-confidence or security
Under controlling parents will create shame or doubt in ability to act on their own. Reliance on others
Temperament
natural behavioral style and emotional response patterns.
It influences how individuals interact with others and handle situations
Reactivity
quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity
Self-Regulation
strategies that modify reactivity
Thomas and Chess’ model
categorizations of children
Easy child (40%)
Difficult child (10%)
slow to warm up child (10%)
Ethological Theory of Attachment (Bowlby)
attachment as an evolved response that promotes survival;
preattachment
attachment
clear cut attachment
reciprocal relationships
Preattachment
attachment at birth - 6 weeks old
Attachment
attachment in the making - 6 weeks to 6-8 months
Clear-Cut attachment
attachment at 6-8 months to 18m - 2 years
separation anxiety emerges
Reciprocal relationships
Interactions where individuals give and receive support, resources, and care in a mutually beneficial way
attachment at 18 months - 2 years
Self-recognition
Implicit sense of self-world differentiation
acting on the environment and receiving sensitive caregiving
Categorical self
classifying self and others based on age, sex, physical appearance, goodness and badness
Compliance
ability to obey simple requests and commands (12-18 months)