APEURO UNIT 7 Nationalism, Unification and Diplomatic Tensions

Nationalism

a feeling of strong identification with one’s own people and one’s own cultural heritage, and those bonds are strengthened by a shared history and a shared language

nation-state

a sovereign state whose citizens share a common identity, culture, and language, often defined by historical and social factors.

Romantic Idealism

a cause for the rise of nationalism; it emphasizes emotions, individualism, and the glorification of the nation and its culture.

Victor Hugo

a French poet and novelist best known for his works like "Les Misérables" and "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame." He was a prominent figure in the Romantic movement, emphasizing individualism and emotional expression.

liberal reforms

a cause of the rise of nationalism; changes aimed at increasing political freedom and individual rights, often involving constitutional governance and social justice; especially emphasized by Napoleon III

Napoleon III

the first President of France and later Emperor, known for modernizing the French economy and promoting national unity during the rise of nationalism; promoted free trade and universal male suffrage

Giuseppe Mazzini

an Italian politician, journalist, and activist, recognized as a key proponent of Italian unification. He founded the Young Italy movement, which aimed to create a unified and independent Italy through revolutionary means; was unsuccessful, but set the stage for later unification efforts

Young Italy

a political movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini that sought to promote Italian unification and independence through revolutionary activism and the principles of democracy.

Pan-Slavic Movement

a social and political movement focused on the unity and cooperation of Slavic peoples across Europe, promoting cultural and national identity, and often advocating for the independence of Slavic nations from larger empires.

anti-semitism

the prejudice against or hostility towards Jewish people, often manifesting in discrimination, violence, and social exclusion throughout history; the rise of nationalism, even after many states had passed laws to protect Jewish rights, played a role in bringing this back

Dreyfus Affair

a political scandal in France involving the wrongful conviction of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, for treason. The case exposed deep-rooted anti-Semitism in French society and sparked a national debate on justice and human rights.

pogroms

violent riots aimed at the massacre or persecution of Jewish people, often occurring in Eastern Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

zionism

a nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, emerging in the late 19th century in response to anti-Semitism and Jewish persecution from Theodor Herzel

Theodor Herzel

a key figure in the Zionist movement, he is known for advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state and for organizing the First Zionist Congress in 1897.

Austria-Hungary

a dual monarchy in Central Europe that existed from 1867 to 1918; created as a compromise as Austria attempted to suppress Hungarian nationalism following the Revolutions of 1848, but were ultimately unsuccessful

Crimean War

war that began over religious tension in the Ottoman Empire; the Ottoman sultan (under pressure from Napoleon III) had granted special privileges to Roman Catholics in Jerusalem and Russia wanted these same privileges for Orthodox Christians; Russia fought on one side (Austria declared neutrality) while the Ottomans (supported by Britain and France) were on the other; results in a humiliating Russian loss

rearranged diplomatic relations, thereby breaking up the Concert of Europe which had kept the peace and balance of power since its inception

Concert of Europe

kept the peace and balance of power in Europe for around 50 years, but was broken up by the diplomatic rearrangements of the Crimean War

Count Cavor

a leading figure in the Italian unification movement, serving as Prime Minister of the Piedmont Region (which those across the peninsula looked to for leadership in unification); promised Napoleon III that if he aided in the unification to drive out Austria, he would support French expansion in Italy (Napoleon fell through on this deal); Northern Italian nationalists then agreed to join him

Giuseppe Garibaldi

military nationalist leader of Southern Italy who led his men, the “Red Shirts”, to unify the southern region; gave over sovereignty to the ruler of Northern Italy (Victor Emmanuel II)

Red Shirts

Garibaldi's volunteer army that fought for Italian unification in the south.

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia and later the first king of a united Italy, he played a crucial role in the unification process by working with leaders like Cavour and Garibaldi.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict from 1870 to 1871 between France and Prussia that resulted in the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership and the downfall of the French Empire.

Otto Von Bismarck

A Prussian statesman who played a key role in the unification of Germany through realpolitik and various wars, including the Prussian-Danish War, Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War.

realpolitik

a way of political maneuvering that sought practical results

Prussian-Danish War

a conflict fought between Prussia and Denmark in 1864 over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein, which was a key step towards German unification; Otto Von Bismarck got Austria to help in the cause, resulting in almost immediate success; one province went to Austria and the other to Prussia

Austro-Prussian War

a conflict in 1866 between Prussia and Austria; Bismarck sparked conflict between the Danish provinces controlled by Prussia and Austria, forcing German states to choose sides between Prussia and Austria, with most Northern German states lining up behind Prussia

Franco-Prussian War

a conflict from 1870 to 1871 between France and Prussia; Bismarck falsified a document in which a Prussian diplomat insulted Napoleon III and “accidentally” leaked it to France, so Napoleon declared war on Prussia; Prussian forces defeated French ones

Wilhelm I

The King of Prussia who became the first German Emperor in 1871, playing a crucial role in the unification of Germany.

Three Emperor’s League

A diplomatic alliance formed in 1873 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia intended to control Eastern Europe (especially the Balkans)

Reinsurance Treaty

a secret agreement between Germany and Russia, signed in 1887, aimed at ensuring neutrality in the case that either of the two powers went to war (unless it was Germany vs. France or Russia vs. Austria); established following the collapse of the Three Emperor’s League

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aimed at counterbalancing the power of France and Russia.

Congress of Berlin

An international conference held in 1878 to reorganize the countries of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War, leading to significant territorial changes in the region and increasing the tensions in the Balkans

First and Second Balkan Wars

Conflict between Balkan states, primarily Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria, that resulted in territorial changes and heightened tensions in the region; mutually antagonistic alliances among powers led to powers fighting on opposite sides of this war

North German Confederation

A federation of northern German states established in 1867 under Prussian leadership, created to promote military and economic cooperation among its member states.

negative integration

building a community or nation by finding enemies or targeting certain categories of individuals to be outcasts; utilized by Bismarck

kulturkampf

A political struggle in Germany during the late 19th century aimed at reducing the influence of the Catholic Church and promoting state control over religious institutions; Bismarck ends this due to the widespread German outrage at the policy