shhs

hehe

Where did civilization begin?

Mesopotamia, the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates R.

What is prehistory?

the period of time before written records

What is a hominid?

earliest humanlike creatures

Australopithecines

first human like creature to walk upright and make stone tools

Homo habilis

a smarter version of the australopithecines that could make tools and find food

Homo erectus

"Upright man" an advanced human form

Homo sapiens

(wise humans) 1. Neaderthal- first to burry dead, create stone tools, found in Neander Valley, Germany 2. Homo sapiens sapiens- all humans by 10k BC., encountered other hominids

What had replaces the neanderthals?

homo sapiens

How far did modern humans move a generation?

2-3 miles, which was enough to populate the world

What is the out-of-africa theory?

The theory that Homo sapiens sapiens spread out of Africa and replaced other hominid populations, but today all humans belong to the same species of human being

prehistoric age

the earliest period of human history

how did humans get food during the paleolithic age?

they hunted and gathered

How big of groups did patheolithic people live in?

20-30 people

Why did patheolithic people move around so much?

They were nomadic and had to follow animal migrations and animal cycles

What did patheolithic people use to hunt?

They used spears, bow and arrow, harpoons, and fish hooks

How did patheolithic people hunt?

They hunted in groups of men and women-hunting was the main objective of the tribe men-wild animals, far from camp women-stayed close to camps, berries and grains

Was it equal between men and women in paleolithic tribes?

said to be equal between men and women in tribe (well...maybe)

Where did paleolithic people live?

caves, wood poles and animal hides, bones of mammoths and animal hides

Paleolithic Age

(750,000 BCE - 10,000 B.C.E.) Old Stone Age. A period of time in human history characterized by the use of stone tools and the use of hunting and gathering as a food source.

What did fire help the paleolithic people do?

heat caves, cook food- made food taste better, last longer and easier to chew and digest.

What did paleolithic do to make sure their children survived?

They used technological innovations to adapt and passed down the practices to their children.

What did paleolithic people do to the animals they didnt hunt?

They made cave painting of the animals that they didn't hunt.

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

What did people begin to do in the neolithic revolution?

live in settled communities and give up nomadic ways

Mesolithic Age

Transitional Age between Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages.

What helped form permanent settlements in the neolithic age?

Growing crops on a regular basis

What professions did people have during the neolithic age?

Farming, merchants and people began to specialize in crafts and use things from nature

Where did people store food during the neolithic age?

In their homes

How did people show religion in the neolithic age?

They had religious shrines connected to god known as "earth mother"

How did the patriarchy begin in the neolithic age?

Women performed household labor while men worked in the fields.

What type of tools advanced before 4000 B.C?

Metal tools and weapons turned into bronze (made by tin and iron)

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

How did neolithic people protect their villages

Built walls and created armies

What did the neolithic age create

governments, control over enviornment

What is the weather in mesopotamia?

Little rain but soil is enriched from the rivers, flooding depends on melting of snows in mountains and can be irregular and catastrophic where rivers begin.

What did the tigris and euphrates do in late spring?

Their banks overflowed and deposited fertile soil.

How did the mesopotamians help to expand agriculture?

Irrigation helped provide abundant food and helped the emergence of civilization in mesopotamia.

Who created the first mesopotamian civilization?

The sumerians had created numerous independent cities in mesopotamia.

What happened to the cities in mesopotamia as the expanded?

They got political and economic control over surrounding countryside, forming city-states(basic unit of sumerian civilization)

What were sumerian city dwellings built of?

Sun dried bricks no matter the social class

What were the temples in sumerian cities like?

They were dedicated to the god or goddess of the city, built on top of a ziggurat(massive stepped tower)

What did sumerians believe?

They believed that gods and goddesses owned the cities and priests had great power in society, priests may have had important role in government

What type of government were the sumerian city states?

it was a theocracy- government by divine authority

What type of rulers did they have in sumerian cities?

Kings, they believed thta gods derived their power from the gods and were agents of the gods.

What role did kings fulfil in sumerian society?

They led armies and organized workers for the irrigation on which farming depended on

What was the economy based on

It was mainly agricultural, but commerce and industry were also important.

Produced in sumerian society:

woolen textiles, pottery, and metal work.

Imported to sumerian society:

copper, tin, timber

What were the 4 social groups?

Elites, dependent commoners, free commoners, and slaves

Elite:

Royals, priests and fam

Dependent Commoners

The elites' clients who worked for the palace and temple estates.

Free commoners

Farmers, merchants, fishers, scribes, craftspeople

What did city-states fight over?

Bodies of water, these fights left sumerians in despair

Who was Saragon?

He was the leader of the alkkadians who took control of the sumerian city-states and established a dynastic empire

What happened to the former rulers of city-states during the saragon empire?

They became governers.

What was the power in saragons empires based on?

Military, namely, and army of 5,400 men

How did the Akkadian empire fall?

attacked by neighboring people and became an independent city-state area but there were still conflicts

When was Hammurabis empire?

1792-1750 B.C.

What was hammurabis army like?

Well-disciplined army that carried axes, spears, and copper/bronze daggers. They divided opponents and subdued them 1 by 1 and took control of sumer and akkad

What did hammurabi call himself?

"Sun of Babylon", made the new capital Babylon

What did hammurabi encourage?

trade, peace, and economic revival

The Code of Hammurabi

A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world.

How did the hammurabi penalties work?

They were severe and varied depending on your social class

How did marriages work?

Marriages were arranged with a contract signed by all parents. Womens place was in the home and if they didnt comply they would be divorced. However, women were guarenteed some rights if divorced.

What were the rules around sexual relations?

men were allowed but women were not

What was important to mesopotamians?

spiritual world view

What did the gods represent?

All aspects of life

What did the mesopotamians believe?

World was controlled by supernatural forced and that their days are numbers due to unpredictable change, believed they could discover the intentions of the gods with divination. ex:killing animals and observing the insides

What did Ninhursaga represent?

soil, mountains, and vegetation. believed she gave birth to kings and queens.

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. It was used to keep records and produce good scribes for temples, palaces, and government services.

What new ideas had the mesopotamians created?

Number system based on 60, geometry to measure and buile, charted constellations, and created a calendar based off of lunar months

What was a name for the Hebrews

Children of Israel

What type of speakers were the hebrews

Semitic-speaking people

How did the hebrews write their origin?

Wrote in in a bible(the hebrew bible)

How many gods did the hebrews worship?

they were monotheistic and inspired christianity and islam

Who were the hebrews descendants of?

Abraham

What type of people were the hebrews?

Nomadic people, they migrated from mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. Until a drought in canaan caused the hebrews to migrate to egypt.

Who kept the hebrews as laborers in egypt?

Pharohs, until moses let them free in the "exodus." Then they entered canaan, organized into 12 tribles, then embroiled in wonflict w/ the philistines

What do people believe about the early books of the bible?

that the bible only preserves what the israelites think about themselves.

When did the israelites establish a united kingdom with saul?

1020-1000 B.C.

What did Saul do?

he achieved some success with the philistines

What dud David do?

He reunited the israelites, defeated the philistines, and established control over all of Canaan, then made jerusalem the capital.

What did Solomon do?

He was the son of david who expanded the political and military establishments and extended the trading activities. He was a great builder and built the temple in jerusalem.

What happened between the northern and southern tribes in israel?

They fought and split into 2 separate kingdoms

Kingdom of israel

Had 2 separate tribes w/ capital at Samaria

Kingdom of Judah

2 tribes (capital: Jerusalem)

What did the Assyrians do?

Destroyed Samaria, overran the kingdom of israel, and deported many hebrews to other parts of the assyrian empire. This caused hebrews to lose their identities.

Who kept their independence as assyrian power declined?

kingdom of judah

What did the Chaldeans do?

Defeated Assyria, conquered the kingdom of Judah, and completely destroyed jerusalem in 5586 B.C.

What did the persians do?

Destroyed Chaldean kingdom, allowed people of Judan to return to jerusalem to rebuild their city and temple but kingdom of judan was under persian control

What did the people of Judah name themselves?

Judaism, the religion of Yahweh

How many gods did early israelites worhip?

Many

What idea did babylonian exiles bring?

that yahweh was the only god

how did the israelites view god?

he expected goodness from his people, if you did not obey god you would be punished, god was not removed from the life he created, primarily a god of mercy and love, believed tht god had spoken to them through moses, believed that if people chose to ignore the good - suffering and evil would follow

What were the three aspects of the hebrew religion?

The covenant, the law, and the prophets

Covenant

Believed that god made a convenant(contract) with his people where he promised to take care of his chosen people

Prophets

Believed that the prophets (religious teahcers) were sent by god to serve as his voice to the people

What did the Assyrian conquerers warn the israelites of?

That they had not kept gods commandments and would be punished

What did the prophets do?

embraced the concern for humanity, believed all nations would someday come to the god of israel, believed there would be peace for all nations, might have to refuse loyalty to political leader, developed a sense of univeralism, separation between jews and non-jewish neighbors