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LGBTQ
________: An acronym that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer /questioning, and other individuals who identify outside of traditional gender and sexual orientation norms.
Observational
________ learning- A type of learning in which an organism learns by observing others.
Egocentrism
________ is the inability to see things from another person's perspective.
Despair
________: The eight stages of psychosocial development in Erikson's theory, which each represent a different conflict or challenge that individuals face as they grow and develop.
Catells
________ fluid and crystallized intelligences: Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to solve new problems and adapt to new situations, while crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills.
Discrimination
________- The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus.
Insight
________- A sudden understanding of how to solve a problem.
Algorithm
________: A step- by- step procedure or formula for solving a problem.
Heuristic
________: A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions and solve problems.
emotional bond
Attachment: The ________ that develops between a caregiver and a child.
Personal Fable
________: A belief among adolescents that they are unique and invulnerable to harm.
Display rules
________ are social and cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where emotions should be expressed.
Imaginary Audience
________: A belief among adolescents that they are constantly being watched and evaluated by others.
Multiculturalism
________: The recognition and appreciation of the diversity of cultures within a society, and the belief that different cultural perspectives and practices can enrich a community.
Emotional regulation
________ refers to the ability to manage and control one's emotions in order to adapt to different situations and achieve goals.
Chomskys Nativist
________ theory: The idea that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language.
Teratogen
________: Any substance, organism, or condition that can cause a birth defect or negatively impact the development of an embryo or fetus.
Transition
________ refers to the process of affirming and aligning one's gender identity through various means, such as medical interventions or changes in presentation.
Practical
________ /Successful Intelligence: The ability to apply knowledge and skills to real- world situations and adapt to changing environments.
BF Skinner
________- A prominent behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning.
Conservation
________ is the understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its shape changes.
Assimilation
________ is when new information fits into existing schemas, while accommodation occurs when new information requires a modification of existing schemas.
Microaggressions
________: Subtle, indirect, or unintentional acts of discrimination or prejudice towards individuals from marginalized groups, often perpetuated by people with privilege or power.
Acquisition
________- The process of learning through which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
Worldviews
________ are influenced by culture, personal experiences, and other factors, and they shape how people approach and interact with the world.
biological characteristics
Sex: Refers to the ________ that distinguish males and females, such as reproductive organs and hormones.
Extinction
________- The process by which a conditioned response becomes weakened or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
________- The reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response after a period of time.
Generalization
________- The tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus.
negative stimuli
Learned helplessness- A phenomenon in which an organism learns to be helpless in a situation in which it is repeatedly subjected to ________.
Culture
________ is learned, transmitted from generation to generation, and is instrumental in shaping people's perceptions and behaviors.
Dynamic sizing
________: The ability to adjust to different cultural contexts and effectively communicate and interact with people from diverse backgrounds.
Functional fixedness
________: The tendency to see objects and concepts only in their traditional, customary roles.
Baby Albert
________- A case study in which John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned an infant to fear a white rat through classical conditioning.
Harry Kitano
________, Ph.D.: An influential scholar in the field of Asian American Studies, who made significant contributions to the study of race, ethnicity, and immigration in the United States.
Classical conditioning
________- A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a natural response to a previously neutral stimulus.
intellectual disability
Giftedness, ________: Giftedness refers to exceptional intelligence or abilities, while ________ refers to significantly below- average intelligence or abilities.
apparent reinforcement
Latent learning- Learning that occurs without any ________.
Adolescence
________: The transitional period between childhood and adulthood, marked by significant physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes.
James Lange theory
The ________ suggests that emotions arise from physiological arousal and subsequent interpretation of that arousal.
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov, Watson- ________ and John Watson were two prominent behaviorists who developed classical conditioning theory.
Confirmation bias
________: The tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre- existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.
Incentive theory
________ proposes that behavior is motivated by external rewards or punishments.
Taste aversion
________- A type of classical conditioning in which a previously neutral food or drink is paired with an unpleasant experience, resulting in an aversion to that food or drink.
Emotion
________ is a complex psychological state that involves subjective feelings, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions.
Gender
________: Refers to the social and cultural expectations and norms associated with being male or female, as well as the personal sense of identity that individuals have regarding their ________.
Normal curve
________, scores: The distribution of IQ scores follows a bell- shaped curve, with most people scoring around the average score of 100.
Reinforcement
________- The process of increasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.
Partial reinforcement
________- The process of reinforcing a behavior only some of the time.
Behaviorism
A psychological theory that focuses on observable behavior and the environment's impact on it
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a natural response to a previously neutral stimulus
Pavlov, Watson
Ivan Pavlov and John Watson were two prominent behaviorists who developed classical conditioning theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a specific response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
A natural response to an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that does not trigger a response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Baby Albert
A case study in which John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned an infant to fear a white rat through classical conditioning
Acquisition
The process of learning through which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
The process by which a conditioned response becomes weakened or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
Generalization
The tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response after a period of time
Taste aversion
A type of classical conditioning in which a previously neutral food or drink is paired with an unpleasant experience, resulting in an aversion to that food or drink
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is shaped by its consequences
B.F. Skinner
A prominent behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning
Reinforcement
The process of increasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Positive reinforcement
The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus
Negative reinforcement
The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus
Primary reinforcer
A naturally rewarding stimulus, such as food or water
Secondary reinforcer
A learned reward, such as money or praise
Continuous reinforcement
The process of reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement
The process of reinforcing a behavior only some of the time
Punishment
The process of decreasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Positive punishment
The process of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus
Negative punishment
The process of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a desirable stimulus
Shaping
The process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that approximate a desired behavior
Observational learning
A type of learning in which an organism learns by observing others
Latent learning
Learning that occurs without any apparent reinforcement
Insight
A sudden understanding of how to solve a problem
Learned helplessness
A phenomenon in which an organism learns to be helpless in a situation in which it is repeatedly subjected to negative stimuli
Martha E. Bernal, Ph.D.
A prominent Mexican-American psychologist who focused on cultural factors in psychological research
Prototype
A mental representation of the "typical" or ideal example of a category or concept
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem
Heuristic
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions and solve problems
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often leading to the same type of solution
Confirmation bias
The tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them
Framing
The way information is presented can influence how people perceive and respond to it
Representativeness heuristic
A mental shortcut where we judge the likelihood of an event based on how closely it matches our pre-existing mental prototype for that event
Availability heuristic
A mental shortcut where we judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind
Anchoring heuristic
A mental shortcut where we rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions
Affect heuristic
A mental shortcut where we base our judgments and decisions on our emotional reactions to a stimulus
Affective forecasting
The process of predicting how we will feel in the future in response to a particular event or decision
Functional fixedness
The tendency to see objects and concepts only in their traditional, customary roles
Chomskys Nativist theory
The idea that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language
Formalist theory of language development
The idea that language is learned through a set of rules and structures
Social-pragmatic theory
The idea that language is learned through social interactions and experiences
One-word Stage
The first stage of language development where children typically use single words to convey meaning
Language
A system of communication consisting of sounds, symbols, and rules for combining them
Spearman's general intelligence (g)
The idea that intelligence is a general factor that underlies all mental abilities
