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LGBTQ

________: An acronym that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer /questioning, and other individuals who identify outside of traditional gender and sexual orientation norms.

Observational

________ learning- A type of learning in which an organism learns by observing others.

Egocentrism

________ is the inability to see things from another person's perspective.

Despair

________: The eight stages of psychosocial development in Erikson's theory, which each represent a different conflict or challenge that individuals face as they grow and develop.

Catells

________ fluid and crystallized intelligences: Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to solve new problems and adapt to new situations, while crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and skills.

Discrimination

________- The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus.

Insight

________- A sudden understanding of how to solve a problem.

Algorithm

________: A step- by- step procedure or formula for solving a problem.

Heuristic

________: A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions and solve problems.

emotional bond

Attachment: The ________ that develops between a caregiver and a child.

Personal Fable

________: A belief among adolescents that they are unique and invulnerable to harm.

Display rules

________ are social and cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where emotions should be expressed.

Imaginary Audience

________: A belief among adolescents that they are constantly being watched and evaluated by others.

Multiculturalism

________: The recognition and appreciation of the diversity of cultures within a society, and the belief that different cultural perspectives and practices can enrich a community.

Emotional regulation

________ refers to the ability to manage and control one's emotions in order to adapt to different situations and achieve goals.

Chomskys Nativist

________ theory: The idea that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language.

Teratogen

________: Any substance, organism, or condition that can cause a birth defect or negatively impact the development of an embryo or fetus.

Transition

________ refers to the process of affirming and aligning one's gender identity through various means, such as medical interventions or changes in presentation.

Practical

________ /Successful Intelligence: The ability to apply knowledge and skills to real- world situations and adapt to changing environments.

BF Skinner

________- A prominent behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning.

Conservation

________ is the understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its shape changes.

Assimilation

________ is when new information fits into existing schemas, while accommodation occurs when new information requires a modification of existing schemas.

Microaggressions

________: Subtle, indirect, or unintentional acts of discrimination or prejudice towards individuals from marginalized groups, often perpetuated by people with privilege or power.

Acquisition

________- The process of learning through which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

Worldviews

________ are influenced by culture, personal experiences, and other factors, and they shape how people approach and interact with the world.

biological characteristics

Sex: Refers to the ________ that distinguish males and females, such as reproductive organs and hormones.

Extinction

________- The process by which a conditioned response becomes weakened or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

________- The reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response after a period of time.

Generalization

________- The tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus.

negative stimuli

Learned helplessness- A phenomenon in which an organism learns to be helpless in a situation in which it is repeatedly subjected to ________.

Culture

________ is learned, transmitted from generation to generation, and is instrumental in shaping people's perceptions and behaviors.

Dynamic sizing

________: The ability to adjust to different cultural contexts and effectively communicate and interact with people from diverse backgrounds.

Functional fixedness

________: The tendency to see objects and concepts only in their traditional, customary roles.

Baby Albert

________- A case study in which John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned an infant to fear a white rat through classical conditioning.

Harry Kitano

________, Ph.D.: An influential scholar in the field of Asian American Studies, who made significant contributions to the study of race, ethnicity, and immigration in the United States.

Classical conditioning

________- A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a natural response to a previously neutral stimulus.

intellectual disability

Giftedness, ________: Giftedness refers to exceptional intelligence or abilities, while ________ refers to significantly below- average intelligence or abilities.

apparent reinforcement

Latent learning- Learning that occurs without any ________.

Adolescence

________: The transitional period between childhood and adulthood, marked by significant physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes.

James Lange theory

The ________ suggests that emotions arise from physiological arousal and subsequent interpretation of that arousal.

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov, Watson- ________ and John Watson were two prominent behaviorists who developed classical conditioning theory.

Confirmation bias

________: The tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre- existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.

Incentive theory

________ proposes that behavior is motivated by external rewards or punishments.

Taste aversion

________- A type of classical conditioning in which a previously neutral food or drink is paired with an unpleasant experience, resulting in an aversion to that food or drink.

Emotion

________ is a complex psychological state that involves subjective feelings, physiological responses, and behavioral expressions.

Gender

________: Refers to the social and cultural expectations and norms associated with being male or female, as well as the personal sense of identity that individuals have regarding their ________.

Normal curve

________, scores: The distribution of IQ scores follows a bell- shaped curve, with most people scoring around the average score of 100.

Reinforcement

________- The process of increasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

Partial reinforcement

________- The process of reinforcing a behavior only some of the time.

Behaviorism

A psychological theory that focuses on observable behavior and the environment's impact on it

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a natural response to a previously neutral stimulus

Pavlov, Watson

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson were two prominent behaviorists who developed classical conditioning theory

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a specific response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that does not trigger a response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Baby Albert

A case study in which John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned an infant to fear a white rat through classical conditioning

Acquisition

The process of learning through which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

The process by which a conditioned response becomes weakened or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Generalization

The tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way as the conditioned stimulus

Discrimination

The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response after a period of time

Taste aversion

A type of classical conditioning in which a previously neutral food or drink is paired with an unpleasant experience, resulting in an aversion to that food or drink

Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is shaped by its consequences

B.F. Skinner

A prominent behaviorist who developed the theory of operant conditioning

Reinforcement

The process of increasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Positive reinforcement

The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding a desirable stimulus

Negative reinforcement

The process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus

Primary reinforcer

A naturally rewarding stimulus, such as food or water

Secondary reinforcer

A learned reward, such as money or praise

Continuous reinforcement

The process of reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs

Partial reinforcement

The process of reinforcing a behavior only some of the time

Punishment

The process of decreasing the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Positive punishment

The process of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus

Negative punishment

The process of decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a desirable stimulus

Shaping

The process of gradually reinforcing behaviors that approximate a desired behavior

Observational learning

A type of learning in which an organism learns by observing others

Latent learning

Learning that occurs without any apparent reinforcement

Insight

A sudden understanding of how to solve a problem

Learned helplessness

A phenomenon in which an organism learns to be helpless in a situation in which it is repeatedly subjected to negative stimuli

Martha E. Bernal, Ph.D.

A prominent Mexican-American psychologist who focused on cultural factors in psychological research

Prototype

A mental representation of the "typical" or ideal example of a category or concept

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem

Heuristic

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions and solve problems

Mental set

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often leading to the same type of solution

Confirmation bias

The tendency to seek out information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them

Framing

The way information is presented can influence how people perceive and respond to it

Representativeness heuristic

A mental shortcut where we judge the likelihood of an event based on how closely it matches our pre-existing mental prototype for that event

Availability heuristic

A mental shortcut where we judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind

Anchoring heuristic

A mental shortcut where we rely too heavily on the first piece of information we receive when making decisions

Affect heuristic

A mental shortcut where we base our judgments and decisions on our emotional reactions to a stimulus

Affective forecasting

The process of predicting how we will feel in the future in response to a particular event or decision

Functional fixedness

The tendency to see objects and concepts only in their traditional, customary roles

Chomskys Nativist theory

The idea that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language

Formalist theory of language development

The idea that language is learned through a set of rules and structures

Social-pragmatic theory

The idea that language is learned through social interactions and experiences

One-word Stage

The first stage of language development where children typically use single words to convey meaning

Language

A system of communication consisting of sounds, symbols, and rules for combining them

Spearman's general intelligence (g)

The idea that intelligence is a general factor that underlies all mental abilities