Hobbs US History Semester 1

Abraham Lincoln

President during the Civil War - won election of 1860 - republican (free soil, barely won the northern states) - emancipation proclamation - Gettysburg adress

Alexander Hamilton

One of the main people to write the Federalist Papers - wrote 52 articles - born on Nevis in the Caribbean - Washington and Adams’s Secretary of Treasury - Federalist/Anglophile; killed by Burr in duel; ideas and policies central in 1790s due to influence on Washington - genius and influential to early American economics - great writer (Federalist Papers, First Report on the Public Credit to fix debt crisis and got Anti-Federalist Madison and Jefferson to agree to it in Compromise of 1790) - late 1790, second report created FBUS though bank debate would not be solved within his lifetime

Andrew Jackson

Born in SC but moved to TN (helped TN write a constitution) - captured 1780 but released when he got small pox - THE HERMITAGE - led battle of New Orleans - "drain the swamp” “turn the rascals out” - "So you see the Judas of the west has closed the contract and will receive the thirty pieces of silver. His end will be the same." -talking about Henry clay after he lost the election - blamed JQA’s people for wifes death - “old hickory” - put in charge of TN militia and given task of pacifying the RED STICKS

Benjamin Franklin

Professional newspaper printer - crossed Atlantic 8 times - started poor richards Almanac (popularized self-made man) - founded American philosophical society - general interest in science (electricity) - wrote an autobiography - discovered gulf stream - good example of deist - believed traditional religion was good for the people - made the street lamps for Philly - academy for the education of youth → Penn University

George Washington

First president of the United States - commander in chief of continental army

George Whitefield

One of the Key figures in the Great Awakening - preacher dude got a lot of people to listen - land is first unifying experience - first common experience was him - friends with ol Ben - preached in philly to 10k ppl

James Madison

One of the main people to write the Federalist Papers (29 articles) - switched from Federalist to Anti-Federalist - pres during war of 1812 (got no cred) - created SBUS bc he thought it was necessary to finance the war

John Adams

Bitter, cantankerous man (about being pres, being away from home, his colleagues) - patriotic - second pres - as pres first priority was continuity - kept washigntons cabinet adn policies - non-involvement in foreign affairs (easier said than done)

John Locke

Disagreed with Hobbes(State of Nature=rights to self preservation and determine the means) - Two Treatises on Gov - 1. agreed with Hobbes; right to life 2. disagreed with Hobbes; liberty 3. ability to accumulate stuff in a civil society gov by nature protects these rights; property

John Rolfe

2nd person to save the English New World - grew tobacco “Sweet Virginia” - married pocahontas

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Cotton Farmer - civil war - “Fustest with the mostest” - road 80 miles a day on HORSES - KKK - scared union army bc they never knew where he was

Robert E. Lee

Commander for the confederacy during the Civil war - signed ‘terms of surrender with US Grant’ - took over southern army during 7 days war (Johnston shot on 5th day) - OFFENSE (v aggro, nice guy tho)

Roger Williams

Founded Providence, to "be a shelter for persons distressed for conscience" (RI) - trekked across wilderness with fam - believed state should be separate from church - nice to natives, wrote key languages of America - Winthrop saved him from being hanged

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence with the help of John Locke's Two Treatises on Government - changed natural rights of Life Liberty Property to Life Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness - 3rd pres election of 1800 - opposed slavery but owned slaves - believed there should be a rev every 19 years

U.S. Grant

knew two songs: "One is Yankee Doodle Dandy. The other isn't." - first successful in Missouri taking Fts Henry and Donelson - simple dude - Vicksburg was union objective in western theatre - tried by land first but stopped by Nathan Bedford Forrest, took to the river

William Blackstone

1723-1780 - english lawyer/jurist - ‘59 lectures at Cambridge - commentaries on the Laws of England - positive law - positive right (written) - through commentaries colonists were able to protest -

William Penn

Father wanted him out of jail, so he was shipped to America and made a religious haven - designed philly with gridded garden homes - founded Pennsylvania, NJ, Delaware bc of fathers connections - quaker troublemaker not welcome in England - drafted up the charter of liberties

William T. Sherman

Associated with total war - kinda bad ngl - union general one of most famous for victories over confederacy - marched thru georgia and carolinas, burning everything he didn’t use - burned Atlanta, city associated with total war

12th Amendment

Provided separate Electoral College votes for President and Vice-President

1st Report on the Public Credit

outlined Hamilton's plan to remedy the national debt by having the natl govt assume state debts and repay IOUs/securities issued during the Rev War - planned to raise money thru almost Ponzi scheme of reissuing bonds (truly worked due to land sales) as well as whiskey tax (led to Whiskey Rebellion) - opposed by Anti-feds for punishing states who paid off debts, rewarding speculators and giving too much power to fed gov - endorsed by Madison and Jefferson in Compromise of 1790

3 to 1 Rule

attacking army should have 3x as many people as the defending side

Anaconda Plan

General Winfield Scott said that the only way the Union would win the was was if they went around the Appalachians, down the Mississippi, and attack Richmond from the South

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally. - francophiles - jefferson - fear of strong gov - fear of tyranny -

Articles 1-3 of 1789 Constitution

Branches, Checks, and Balances - The first three articles of the Constitution establish three branches of government with specific powers: Executive (headed by the President), Legislative (Congress) and Judicial (Supreme Court).

Articles of Confederation

Created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

Atlanta Campaign

SHERMAN vs JOHNSTON - johnston third to weaken union and push them back when they got week enough but instead for FIRED - sherman took city and burned

Battle of Antietam

Union successfully defended DC from the Confederate Army - confederate cavalry man left saddlebag w army plans and battle was rough

Battle of Bull Run

Bull run was a creek - N had more ppl (they weren’t moving and if neither side moved then south won) - jackson brought his men to bull run by train (union army breaks)

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Battle of New Orleans

Led by Jackson against British - if americans didn’t win this battle Louisiana Purchase would be contested - allowed westward expansion past Mississippi River

Battle of Shiloh

U.S. Grant - allowed union troops to penetrate confederate interior

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments in the Declaration of Independence.

Burning of Washington

British invasion of Washington City (now Washington, D.C.), the capital of the United States, during the Chesapeake Campaign

Commentaries on the Laws of England

William Blackstone wrote down all the laws of England into 6 vols.

Covenant Chain

Treaties between the Iroquois Confederation and the Anglos - consisted of treaty of westminster, treaty of albany, treaty of lancaster, and treaty of logstown

Emancipation Proclamation

"that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free." (but in the states that were occupied by Union soldiers, slaves were not freed)

Era of Good Feelings

marked a period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity - James Monroe

Erie Canal

"The most outstanding public works project of its day" - construction began 1817 - opened 1825 - spurred first great westward expansion of american settlers - constructed by state of NY

FBUS

Federal bank of the United States - Hamilton

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution - anglophiles - fear of weak gov. fear of anarchy - hamilton

French and Indian War

ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution. - part of 7 years war - french claimed rivers and waterbeds

Great Awakening

Religious awakening including John Wesley and William Blackstone

House of Burgesses

The first democratic institution in the Americas of any kind

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Jamestown Colony

First successful English colony in the New World

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Mexican War

Kearney went to San Diego - zach taylor went to montere - winfield scott landed final blow in same way as cortez in mexico city - war was miscalculation by mexico - There was political chaos in Mexico from 1821-1861. They went through 22 presidents, Santa Anna was president 7 of those times

Mexican Cession

Added to Texas during the Polk Administration via legislation in joint resolution in Congress - TX complicated bc it was a slave state and the Western and Southern borders were disputed

Monroe Doctrine

Monroe gave an address to Congress in which he stated that the United States would not interfere in European affairs but also would interpret European intervention in the Americas to be an infringement into the US sphere of influence. - speech WRITTEN BY JQA gave support to new republican style gov of latin america

Natural Rights

Rights that are God-given and cannot be taken away - Locke: Life Liberty Property - Jefferson: Life Liberty Pursuit of Happiness

Northwest Ordinance

passed by the Confederation Congress in 1787 that provided a method for states to be admitted out of the NW Territory, land between the Mississippi and the Ohio, South of Great Lakes - no less than 3 or more than 5; ruled by congressional appointment during phase, when >5,000 adult males, assembly elected, when >60,000, draft stat constitution to be ratified by congress - had bill of rights (no slavery, religious freedom, trial by jury, habeas corpus, encouraged edu through land grants) - formed ohio, indiana, illinois, michigan, wisconsin, and sort of minnesota

Positive Rights

Written law so you know it is true

Primogeniture

The right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate passed to the eldest son

Proclamation Line of 1763

Cut off the colonies land to the west

SBUS

Second Bank of the United States - Madison administration

Special Relationship

Relationship between Britain and the United States after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state - organic act: organized new mexico and utah territories - both to follow popular sovereignty - TX cedes upper TX to NM territory in exchange for US assuming debts - more stringent fugitive slave law - no more slave trade in DC

Popular Sovereignty

People of the state in question decide for or against slavery - democracy

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Total War

Type of war started by William Sherman as he took Atlanta - no civilians safe - viewed war as society v society instead of army v army

Treaty of Paris 1783

ended the Rev War and established the boundaries (basically everything E of the Mississippi and N of Florida in modern boundaries) - said brits would get out of territory (didn’t happen until Jay treaty; in fact they were arming natives) and americans were to reimburse loyalists for confiscated prop (also didn’t happen)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican War - $15M for Mexican Cession - rio grande southern border for TX as well as Gila River - inhabitants of cession become US citizens - included modern states of CA, NV, UT, AR, NM, CO, and WY

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Ulysses S. Grant's and Robert E. Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865. Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

Vicksburg Campaign

The Confederate surrender in this campaign ensured Union control of the Mississippi River and cleaved the South in two. - place was union objective in western theatre ops

Where did Lee and Grant first meet?

The Mexican War