APWH vocab 9

unit 6 ch 9

emperor qianlong

sixth emperor of the Qing Dynasty. His reign is noted for its cultural and economic prosperity, as well as for the consolidation of power and territorial expansion of the empire,

taiping uprising

massive civil war in China, led by Hong Xiuquan, aiming to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"

hong xiuquan

Chinese revolutionary and religious leader who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing dynasty. He established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over large portions of southern China

hakka

sub-ethnic group of the Han Chinese who migrated from northern to southern China over several centuries. The term translates to "guest families"

opium wars

Two wars fought between Western powers and China, after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods and drugs, China lost both wars

commissioner lin zexu

Qing Dynasty Chinese official who opposed and stop British opium smuggling, by confiscating and destroying opium which led to the First Opium War

unequal treaties

one-sided agreements imposed on weaker nations by stronger imperial powers often after military conflict, which severely undermined sovereignty by forcing economic concessions, territorial loss, and special legal rights for foreigners, fueling nationalism and resistance

informal empire

a system where a powerful nation exerts significant control over another, nominally independent country through economic, cultural, or political influence rather than direct political rule or colonization

self strengthening

China's late Qing Dynasty effort to modernize by adopting Western military technology and industry while preserving traditional Confucian values and culture, a hybrid approach that ultimately failed.

boxer uprising

peasant uprising that attempted to drive all foreigners from China, end Western and Japanese imperial influence, and restore Chinese sovereignty, targeting foreign missionaries, traders, diplomats, and Chinese Christians

Qiu jin

prominent Chinese revolutionary, feminist, and writer who is considered a national hero and is often referred to as China's "Joan of Arc". 

hundred days of reform

short-lived series of sweeping governmental and educational reforms initiated in China in 1898, aiming to modernize the Qing Dynasty in response to pressures from Western imperialism and internal discontent.

Chinese revolution 1911-1912

ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings.

sultan selim iii

a reformist Ottoman Sultan known for his ambitious Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) reforms, aiming to modernize the empire's military and administration along Western lines

tanzimat

a period of intense Western-inspired reforms in the Ottoman Empire, aiming to modernize its military, administration, and legal systems to compete with European powers

young ottomans

reformers who pushed for modernizing the declining empire through constitutionalism, nationalism, emphasizing Islamic identity, and Ottomanism (unity of all peoples)

young turks

a reformist political movement in the Ottoman Empire that aimed to modernize and secularize the state, replacing the Sultan's absolute rule with a constitutional government
more radical, favoring secularism, Pan-Turkism (Turkish nationalism), and Westernization

sultan abd al-hamid ii

last sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state

matthew perry

U.S. Navy officer who, through hisexpeditions, forcibly opened isolated Japan to Western trade and diplomacy

tokugawa shogunate

Japan's feudal military government that brought peace and established a strict social hierarchy

meiji restoration

Japan's rapid, state-sponsored industrialization and westernization after overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate, restoring Emperor to power, and ending feudalism to become a strong imperial power

fukuzawa yukichi

Japanese philosopher known for his efforts to introduce and promote Western ideas and institutions in Meiji Japan.

zaibatsu

large, powerful, business conglomerates (cooperation) that dominated the Japanese economy and industrialization

anglo-japanese treaty of 1902

a military alliance between Britain and Japan, to counter Russian expansion in East Asia, particularly in China and Korea, and signal Japan's rise as a world power

first sino japanese war

conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily for influence over Korea