Biology Exam 2

Flow of energy begins with what

sun

kinect energy=

energy of motion

potential energy=

stored energy

1 calorie = (small calories not capital)

heat required to raise 1 gram of water by 1C

Calorie with capital C

represents 1 thousand lowercase calories

Leo the Lion says Gerrr

losing electrons means oxidation, gaining electrons means reduction

First law of Thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed meaning energy can only be created or destroyed, some energy is lost as heat duirng conversion

Second law of thermodynamics

Entropy (disorder) is continiously increasing, energry trasnformations are spontaneus

G=

H=

T=

S=

G =energy available to do work, enthalpy (energy in a molecules bonds), absolute temperature (C+273), S= entropy

equation for energy

G=H-TS

delta G equation

delta G = delta h - T delta S ofc delta always means change

positive delta G reactions means that

the product shave more free energy than reactants (higher H or lower s)

exergonic

spontaneous and releases energy

endergonic

non spontaneus and requires and input of energy

negative delta G

products have less energy than reactants

Active site

allows for percise fit of substate applies stress to lower activation energy

induced fit

enzymes change shape to maximize contact with substrate

factors that influence enzyme structure

temp, pH, inhibitors aka regulatory molecules, and concentration of substrate and enzyme

competitive inhibtor

compete with substrate for the active site

non competitive inhibotior

binds to enzyme at a site (allotsteric site) other than active site it causes a change in shape and unable to bind to substrate

allosteric enzymes means

can be inactive and active

metabolism

total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

anabolic reactions

spend energy to synthesize molecules

catabolic reactions

harvest energy by the breaking down stuff

feeback inhibitio

automatic shut off switch that keeps the cell from making too much

AtP stores energy

in the covalent bonds on the phosphate groups

ATP is constantly synthesized and used

atp hydrolysis is used by cells to drive endergonic reactions

coupled reactions

an exergonic reation is combined with an endergonic reactions net negative delta g

Autotrophs (algae, photosynthetic bacteria, etc)

Make their own ATP through photosynthesis can also extract energy from organic molecules

Heterotrophs 95% of species (animals, fungi, etc

cannot make its own food must live off other eating other organisms

cellular respiration involves enzyme catalyzed does

does oxidation and dehydrogenation

dehydrogenation

loss of protons

series of redox reactions

electrons posses energy and when transfered lose some energy with each transfer releasing energy to become ATP after sometime they have no more energy left

cofactors

small chemicals that assist enzymes

NAD+ electron carrier

accepts two electrons and one proton from a substrate molecule to form NADH

NAD+ is _____ to form NADH and to revert NADH to NAD+ what do you do

reduced and oxidiation

formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 to 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

Oxygen is so important in Aerobic respiration because

it is the final electron acceptor

4 stages of cellular respiration and where it occurs

Glycolysis in cytosol, Pyruvate oxidation in mitochondrial matrix, Krebs cycle mitochondrial matrix, Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis inner mitochondrial membrane called the cristae

where do prokaryotes perform cellular respiration

conduct all recations in cytoplasm or plasma membrane

First stage of Glycolysis

gluclose is converted into two G3P molecules and a hydorlysis of 2 ATP molecules

Second Phase of glycolysis

convers each G3P molecule into pyruvate

how many atp is produced from one gluclose and how many atp does glycolysis make

4 atp and 2 atp bc 2 atp is used in the start

ATP generated during glycolysis is called

substrate level phosphorylation

Pyruvate Oxidation

is carried out by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase and this process releases releases two electrons to reduce NAD+ to NADH

each pyruvate molecule is used to generate

1 Co2, 1 NADH, 1 Acetyl CoA

what does the Krebs Cycle do

oxidizes the acetyl generated by pryuvate oxidation

3 main parts of the krebs cycle

Making Citrate, Carbon Loss & Energy Harvest, Regenerating Oxaloacetate

For each Acetyl CoA entering the Krebs cycle

release two molecules of CO2, reduce 3 NAD+ to NADH, reduce 1 FAD to FADH2, procude 1 ATP, regenerate oxaloacetate