Lecture #6: Memory (Chapter 7)

Memory

Cognitive processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information.

Information Processing Theory

A cognitive framework that compares the human mind to a computer, focusing on how information is processed through encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Key Processes in Memory

1. Encoding: transformation of sensory input into a form that can be stored. 2. Storage: retention of encoded information over time. 3. Retrieval: accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness.

Sensory Memory

Brief retention of sensory impressions lasting a few seconds.

Short-term Memory

Holds information temporarily for about 15-30 seconds without rehearsal.

Long-term Memory

Can store information indefinitely, with the capacity to retain vast amounts of information.

Typical Duration of Sensory Memory

Typically lasts a fraction of a second to a few seconds.

Typical Duration of Short-term Memory

Typically lasts between 15 to 30 seconds without rehearsal.

Rehearsal

The process of repeatedly practicing or reviewing information to keep it in memory.

Chunking

A memory strategy that involves breaking down information into smaller, manageable units (chunks) to enhance retention.

Magical Number (Plus or Minus 2)

The magical number is 7 (plus or minus 2), indicating that most people can hold about 5 to 9 items in short-term memory.

Ways to Encode Memory

Visual encoding (imagery), acoustic encoding (sounds), and semantic encoding (meaning).

Selective Attention

The cognitive process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

Capacity of Long-term Memory

Virtually unlimited, allowing for the storage of vast amounts of information over extended periods.

Procedural Memory

Involves skills and actions (how to do things).

Declarative Memory

Involves facts and events that can be consciously recalled.

Semantic Memory

General knowledge and facts about the world.

Episodic Memory

Personal recollections of specific events or experiences in time.

Recall

Retrieving information without cues (e.g., essay questions).

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information with cues (e.g., multiple-choice questions).

Best Remembered Information

Typically, we remember best the information that is emotionally charged, unique, or rehearsed frequently.

Decay Theory

Memories fade over time if not accessed.

Interference Theory

Other memories inhibit the ability to recall information.

Retrieval Failure Theory

Difficulty in accessing memories due to missing retrieval cues.

Motivated Forgetting

Memories that are painful or anxiety-inducing may be suppressed.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A temporary inability to retrieve a word or piece of information that one is sure they know.

Misinformation Effect

Recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate due to post-event misinformation.

Flashbulb Memory

A highly detailed and vivid memory of a significant event, often associated with strong emotional reactions.

Content of Flashbulb Memories

1. The event itself 2. Context of learning about the event 3. Emotional reactions 4. Consequences of the event 5. Details about the people involved.

Learning Strategies to Improve Memory

Spaced repetition, mnemonics, visualization techniques, and active engagement with the material.