A+P I Lec Exam 2 Ch 4-6

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200 Terms

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histology

study of tissues

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4 basic tissue types

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

neural tissue

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tight junction (cell junction)

weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together

tight enough to prevent water and solutes passage bw cells

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adherens junction (cell junction)

proteins attach to membrane proteins + cytoskeleton microfilaments

form extensive zones → adhesion belts that circle the cell

epithelial resist separation during contractile activities

transmembrane glycoproteins = cadherins

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desmosome (cell junction)

link bw CAMs and proteoglycans

connect to cytoskeleton

very strong!

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hemidesmosome (cell junction)

transmembrane glycoproteins = integrins

cell to basement membrane connection

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gap junction (cell junction)

membrane channel = connexons

ions and small molecules can pass from cell to cell

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epithelial tissue

covers every exposed surface of body + internal linings

many cells tightly packed together

no extracellular matrix

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cellularity (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

layers of cells bound tightly together

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polarity (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

structural/functional differences within same cell

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attachment (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

epithelia are attached to basement membrane

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avascularity (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

lack of blood vessels but do have nerve supply

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regeneration (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

continuously replaced by stem cell divisions

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epithelial cells

selective barrier that limits/aids substances in/out of body

protective surface that resists env influences

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germinative cells

epithelial stem cells

located near basement membrane

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connective tissue

few scattered cells surrounded by large amts of extracellular matrix

-specialized cells

-extracellular protein fibers

-fluid (ground substance)

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simple squamous epithelium

cells are thin and flat

location: lines heart, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs

function: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability

<p>cells are thin and flat</p><p>location: lines heart, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs</p><p>function: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability</p>
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simple cuboidal epithelium

cells look like boxes

location: glands, ducts, thyroid gland

function: protection, secretion, absorption

<p>cells look like boxes</p><p>location: glands, ducts, thyroid gland</p><p>function: protection, secretion, absorption</p>
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nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

tall slender cells

location: stomach lining, intestine, gallbladder

function: protection, secretion, absorption

<p>tall slender cells</p><p>location: stomach lining, intestine, gallbladder</p><p>function: protection, secretion, absorption</p>
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ciliated simple columnar epithelium

tall slender cells

typically have microvilli

location: uterine tube

function: move mucus + foreign particles to throat → cough

<p>tall slender cells</p><p>typically have microvilli</p><p>location: uterine tube</p><p>function: move mucus + foreign particles to throat → cough</p>
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nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tall slender cells

nuclei at various levels, some cells don’t extend to apical surface

location: parotid gland duct lining

function: absorption and secretion

<p>tall slender cells</p><p>nuclei at various levels, some cells don’t extend to apical surface</p><p>location: parotid gland duct lining</p><p>function: absorption and secretion</p><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/8d526dd6-6022-45f8-b7f1-6adb1536194f.png" data-width="100%" data-align="center"><p></p>
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

nuclei at various levels, some cells don’t extend to apical surface

appears stratified but not really, every cell touches basement membrane

location: trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity lining

function: protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia

<p>nuclei at various levels, some cells don’t extend to apical surface</p><p>appears stratified but not really, every cell touches basement membrane</p><p>location: trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity lining</p><p>function: protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia</p><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/3d5f675a-582c-4755-84f7-8ccb8cfcd5d3.png" data-width="75%" data-align="center"><p></p>
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stratified squamous epithelium

found where mechanical stresses are severe

keratinized - skin (tough, water resistant)

nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, rectum, anus, vagina

<p>found where mechanical stresses are severe</p><p>keratinized - skin (tough, water resistant)</p><p>nonkeratinized - mouth, throat, rectum, anus, vagina</p>
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stratified cuboidal epithelium

has 2+ layers of cells

cells in apical layer are cube-shaped

location: esophagus, sweat glands, mammary glands

<p>has 2+ layers of cells</p><p>cells in apical layer are cube-shaped</p><p>location: esophagus, sweat glands, mammary glands</p>
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stratified columnar epithelium

basal layers are shortened, irregularly shaped cells, only apical layer has columnar cells

<p>basal layers are shortened, irregularly shaped cells, only apical layer has columnar cells</p>
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transitional epithelium

appears cuboidal when relaxed

appears squamous when stretched

location: bladder, pelvis, ureters

function: expansion and recoil after stretching

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glandular epithelium

single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

endocrine + exocrine

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matrix

combo of extracellular fibers + ground substances

largest volume of connective tissue

in the spaces bw connective tissue cells

never exposed to outside env

15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% mineral salts

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functions of connective tissue

structural framework for body

transports fluids + dissolved materials

protects delicate organs

supports + interconnects other tissue types

stores energy reserves

defends body

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embryonic (connective tissue)

mesenchyme

mucus

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mature (connective tissue)

loose

dense

cartilage

bone

blood

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collage fibers (connective tissue)

long, straight, unbranched

most common

flexible, yet strong

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reticular fibers

branching, interwoven

made of collagen but arranged differently

forms network called stroma

stabilizes functional cells of organs

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elastic fibers

branched, wavy

composed of elastin

can stretch and return to og length

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loose (connective tissue)

packing material of body

fills spaces

cushions/stabilizes organs

supports epithelia

areolar tissue

adipose tissue

reticular tissue

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dense (connective tissue)

majority of volume is made of collagen fibers

elastic tissue

irregular tissue

regular tissue

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areolar tissue (loose connective tissue)

widely distributed

least specialized

has extensive blood supply

has all cell types and fiber types

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adipose tissue (loose connective tissue)

adipocytes filled w triglyceride droplet cytoplasm

nucleus pushed to periphery of cell

white fat and brown fat

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reticular tissue (loose connective tissue)

fine interlacing network of fibers → stroma to support parenchyma

location: liver, kidney, spleen

function: supporting framework

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regular tissue (dense connective tissue)

shiny white extracellular matrix

mainly collagen fibers bundled with fibroblast

collagen fibers run parallel to each other

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elastic tissue (dense connective tissue)

stretches organs, strong and can recoil to og shape after stretching

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irregular tissue (dense connective tissue)

fibers form meshwork w no consistent pattern

can stand many stresses

perichondrium

periosteum

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cartilage (connective tissue)

firm gel that has chondroitin sulfates complex w protein

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chondrocyte

found in lacunae

found in chondroitin which makes cartilage

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hyaline cartilage

appears in body as blue-white

most abundant

smooth surface for movement at joints, flexibility, and support

weakest type + can be fractured

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elastic cartilage

chondrocytes in network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix

perichondreum present

maintains shape, provides strength, elasticity

resilient + flexible

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fibrocartilage

no perichondreum, very little ground substance, matrix is densely interwoven cartilage fibers

very durable and tough

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bone

very little ground substance, has mix of calcium salts, reinforced w collagen fibers

steel = collagen fibers

concrete = mineralized matrix

has osteons that contain lamella, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals

made of osseous tissue

levels of structure: gross, microscopic, chemical

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osteocyte (bone cell)

mature bone cells found within lacunae

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canaliculi

connect osteocytes together

hairlike canals that connect osteocytes + lacuna to each other and to central canal

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blood (fluid connective tissue)

plasma =watery matrix

cells = formed elements

RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)

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arteries

carry blood away from heart

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veins

carry blood to heart

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capillaries

smallest vessels; site of exchange

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lymph

forms when interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels

fluid returns to bloodstream

monitered by immune system

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membranes

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover body part

epithelial

-mucus

serous

-cutaneous

synovial

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muscular tissue

has fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, produce heat

-skeletal

-cardiac

-smooth

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skeletal (muscle tissue)

large cells w many nuclei

can’t divide

stem cells allow for partial repair

actin and myosin organized in striations

aka striated voluntary muscle

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cardiac (muscle tissue)

cardiocytes - smaller than skeletal muscle

only one nucleus

intercalated discs - connections bw cells (ex. desmosomes, gap junctions)

very limited ability for repair

aka striated involuntary muscle

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smooth (muscle tissue)

small, spindle-shaped cells w 1 nucleus

able to divide; regenerate after injury

actin and myosin arranged differently (no striations)

aka nonstriated involuntary muscle

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neural tissue

neuron - longest cells in the body

can’t divide, poor ability for repair

3 regions: dendrites, cell body, axon

neuroglia - supporting cells

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tissue repaid

replaces worn out, damaged, dead cells

epithelial tissue replaced by stem/undifferentiated cells

not all connective tissues can repair

muscle cells have limited repair

nervous cells repair is 50/50

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fibrosis

formation of scar tissue

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integumentary system

cutaneous membrane = skin

hair

glands (sudoriferous + sebaceous)

nails

sensory receptors

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epidermis

superficial layer, has epithelial tissue

avascular, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

many layers of cells

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dermis

under epidermis

mostly dense irregular connective tissue

has nerves, blood/lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands

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hypodermis

subq/subcutaneous fat makes up 80% of body fat

deep to skin

not part of skin, shares some functions

made of adipose tissue, some areolar tissue

anchors skin to underlying tissue

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keratinocyte

specialized for producing keratin

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melanocyte

produces melanin pigment

protects nucleus from UV damage

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langerhans/dendritic cell

aka intraepidermal macrophage

immune cells

defense against microorganisms that penetrate upper layers

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merkel cell

tactile epithelial cells

sensory receptors that sense touch

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stratum corneum (layers of epidermis)

multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes

water resistant

permits slow water loss by insensible perspiration

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stratum lucidum (layers of epidermis)

appears as glassy layer in thick skin only

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stratum grandulosum (layers of epidermis)

keratinocytes make keratin

keratin fibers get thinner and flatter

cell membranes thicken and cells die

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stratum spinosum (layers of epidermis)

keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

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stratum basale (layers of epidermis)

deepest layer

attached to basement membrane

has stem/basal cells, melanocytes, + merkel cells

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keratinization

newly formed cells slowly pushed up

accumulate more and more keratin

undergo apoptosis and then replaced

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thin hairy skin

covers most body parts

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thick hairless skin

covers palms, digits, and soles

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papillary (layers of dermis)

areolar tissue thin collagen fibers

dermal ridges house capillaries, free nerve endings

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reticular (layers of dermis)

irregular connective tissue

lots of collagen fibers → strength, resiliency

bind water, keep skin hydrated

elastic fibers → stretch-recoil fibers

extends into papillary layer + hypodermis to bind everything together

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ceavage lines

tension

caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin - externally invisible

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stretch marks

when dermis is extremely extorted

rapid weight gain or pregnancy

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epidermal ridges + dermal papillae

more surface area for attachment to basement membrane → ridges in the skin (ex. fingerprints)

ridges on fingers + toes increase friction → secure grip + sense of touch

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melanin

pigment formed by melanocytes in epidermis

pheomelanin - yellow → red

eumelanin - brown → black

skin color differs due to amt of melanin

darker ppl have more melanin

protects (epi)dermis from UV radiation

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albinism

genetic condition causing absence of melanin production in skin, hair, eyes

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hemoglobin

red pigment in RBC

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carotene

orange pigment in epidermal cells

most apparent in light-skinned ppl

can be converted to Vit A

helps maintain epidermis + eye photoreceptors

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UV radiation

can cause DNA mutation → skin cancer

destroys folate (folic acid)

necessary for Vit D production

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cyanosis

bluish coloration of skin

lack of oxygen or extreme cold

easiest to see on thin skin (lips, under nails)

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jaundice

too much bilirubin in skin (liver disorders)

yellowish coloration of skin

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pallor

paleness of the skin

can be caused by shock, anemia, low blood pressure

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erythema

redness of the skin

due to skin injury, inflammation, heat exposure, infection

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sebaceous gland

oil gland

widely distributed

connected to hair follicles

secretes sebum, inhibits bacterial growth, softens hair + skin

inactive during childhood, activated by hormones during puberty (ex. androgens)

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sudoriferous gland

sweat gland

all skin except nipples + external genitalia

eccrine + apocrine

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myoepithelial cell

contract upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts

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eccrine (sudoriferous gland)

most numerous

ducts connect to pores on skin surface

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apocrine (sudoriferous gland)

mainly in hairy skin areas

ducts empty into hair follicles

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ceruminous gland

modified apocrine gland in ear canal

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mammary gland

secrete milk