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Fatty acids
Carboxylic acids with varying hydrocarbon chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation.
Trans fats
Hydrogen-enhanced fats that are generally considered unhealthy.
Steroids
Lipid molecules that serve as precursors to sex hormones.
Hydrophobic molecule
A molecule that is insoluble in water, often characterized by low polarity.
Simple lipids
Esters of fatty acids and glycerol, typically referred to as fats.
Complex lipids
Lipids that include steroids and miscellaneous signaling molecules.
Phospholipid membrane
A membrane composed of phospholipids that are critical components for cell structure.
Stearate
A saturated fatty acid, denoted by the suffix 'ano'.
Oleate
An unsaturated fatty acid, denoted by the suffix 'eno'.
Omega-3 PUFAs
Polyunsaturated fatty acids that possess anti-inflammatory properties.
help battling cancers, dementia, heart disease and arthritis
Omega-6 PUFAs
pro inflammatory metabolites
Beta oxidation
The metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids for energy production.
Triglycerides
The main form of stored fat in the body, serving as energy storage.
Phospholipids
Lipids that form bilayers in membranes, consisting of fatty acids and phosphate.
Cholesterol
A steroid that is a crucial component of eukaryotic cell membranes.
Hydroxyl group
A polar group attached to the cholesterol molecule enabling membrane embedding.
Arachidonate
A fatty acid that functions as a hormone and a messenger.
Vitamin A
A fat-soluble vitamin important for vision and immunity.
Retinol
Form A1 of Vitamin A, active in vision.
Vitamin D
A vitamin that is synthesized in the skin and involved in calcium metabolism.
Vitamin E
A vitamin found in nuts and seeds, associated with enzyme functions and antioxidant activity.
Vitamin K
A vitamin essential for blood clotting, found in vegetables.
Essential fatty acids
Fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet and are crucial for health.
Hydrocarbon tail
The nonpolar fatty acid part of a phospholipid.
Polar head group
The polar component of a phospholipid, often containing phosphate.
C16 and C18 fatty acids
Common lengths of fatty acids found in phospholipids.
Saturated fatty acids
Fatty acids that contain no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds, typically liquid at room temperature.
Prostaglandin
A signaling lipid whose production can be blocked by aspirin.
Signaling lipids
Lipids that act as signals or messengers in biological processes.
Bile salts
Compounds derived from cholesterol that aid in the digestion of fats.
Cofactors
Molecules that assist enzymes and are crucial for their activity.
Hydrophobic interactions
Forces that drive the formation of lipid bilayers in water.
Fluid mosaic model
A model describing the structure of cell membranes with embedded proteins.
Omega-6 PUFAs
Polyunsaturated fatty acids that promote inflammation, contrasting with Omega-3s.
Food chain
The hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.
Membrane components
Substances that make up cellular membranes, including phospholipids and cholesterol.
Vitamin K1
The dietary form of Vitamin K, acquired from foods.
Vitamin K2
The form of Vitamin K produced by gut bacteria.
Mammals' double bond limitation
Mammals cannot synthesize double bonds beyond the 9th carbon in C18 fatty acids.
Hydrophilic
Refers to molecules that readily interact with water due to their polarity.
Nonpolar
Referring to molecules that have an even distribution of charge and do not interact well with water.
Cis double bonds
Double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids that create kinks in their structure.
Blubber
Fatty tissue in some animals used for insulation and energy storage.
Photosynthetic organisms
Organisms that are the largest source of major lipid pools, converting light energy into chemical energy.
Fluidity of membranes
The ability of lipid membranes to remain flexible and dynamic.
Enzymatic activities
Biological processes catalyzed by enzymes that require vitamins as cofactors.
Bilayers
Structures formed by phospholipids in water, with hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Long allopathic chain
A structure in Vitamin E that contributes to its bioactivity.
