Chapter 2 Muslim world

What is a ghazi?

A warrior for Islam.

Who led ghazi military societies?

An emir, or chief commander.

What was an emir?

A chief commander.

What code did ghazis follow?

A strict Islamic code of conduct.

Whom did ghazis raid?

Infidels on the Byzantine Empire's frontiers.

Who were called infidels in the chapter?

People who did not believe in Islam.

Where did Osman build his state?

Anatolia.

When did Osman build a small Muslim state?

Between 1300 and 1326.

Who was Osman?

The most successful ghazi.

What name did people in the West use for Osman?

Othman.

Why were Osman's followers called Ottomans?

They were named after Osman, whom Westerners called Othman.

How did Osman's successors expand the state?

By buying land, forming alliances with some emirs, and conquering others.

What military technology helped Ottoman expansion?

Gunpowder.

What change did the Ottomans make to their forces?

They replaced mounted archers with musket-carrying foot soldiers.

What siege weapon did the Ottomans use early?

Cannons used for attack.

Who was Orkhan I?

Osman's son and the second Ottoman leader.

What title did Orkhan I declare for himself?

Sultan.

What did sultan mean in this chapter?

Overlord or one with power.

What city did the Ottomans capture in 1361?

Adrianople.

What was Adrianople's importance?

It was the second most important city in the Byzantine Empire.

How did the Ottomans generally treat conquered peoples early on?

They acted kindly and often improved peasants' lives.

How did the Ottomans govern conquered territories?

Through local officials appointed by the sultan.

What military obligation did Muslims have under Ottoman rule?

Most were required to serve in Turkish armies.

What tax rule applied to Muslims under Ottoman rule?

They did not have to pay a personal tax to the state.

What military obligation did non-Muslims have under Ottoman rule?

They did not have to serve in the army.

What tax rule applied to non-Muslims under Ottoman rule?

They had to pay the personal tax.

Who was Timur-i-Lang?

A Central Asian warrior and conqueror also called Timur the Lame.

Why was Timur called Timur the Lame?

An arrow permanently injured his leg.

What European name was used for Timur the Lame?

Tamerlane.

What city did Timur burn to the ground?

Baghdad.

Where was Baghdad located according to the chapter?

Present-day Iraq.

What battle did Timur win against the Ottomans?

The Battle of Ankara.

When did the Battle of Ankara occur?

1402.

What was the effect of the Ottoman defeat at Ankara?

It temporarily halted Ottoman expansion.

Why did war break out among the Ottoman sultan's four sons?

Timur turned his attention to China.

Who defeated his brothers and took the Ottoman throne after Timur's invasion?

Mehmed I.

Who was Murad II?

The son of Mehmed I.

Whom did Murad II defeat?

The Venetians.

What country did Murad II invade?

Hungary.

What force did Murad II overcome in the Balkans?

An army of Italian crusaders.

How long did four powerful sultans lead Ottoman expansion?

Through 1566.

Who was Mehmed II?

Murad II's son and the Ottoman sultan called Mehmed the Conqueror.

When did Mehmed II take power?

1451.

How old was Mehmed II when he took power?

21.

What was Constantinople's population by 1451?

About 50,000.

What had Constantinople's earlier population been?

About one million.

What strategic waterway did Constantinople control?

The Bosporus Strait.

Why did control of the Bosporus Strait matter to Mehmed II?

It could block traffic between Ottoman territories in Asia and the Balkans.

When did Mehmed II attack Constantinople?

1453.

What did Mehmed II use to fire on Constantinople's walls?

Mighty cannons.

How long was one Ottoman cannon used against Constantinople?

26 feet.

How heavy were the boulders fired by the 26-foot Ottoman gun?

1,200 pounds.

What prevented the Turkish fleet from entering Constantinople's harbor at first?

A chain across the Golden Horn.

What two bodies of water did the Golden Horn chain span between?

The Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara.

How did Mehmed II move ships into Constantinople's harbor?

His army dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners.

From where were Ottoman ships dragged to the harbor?

From the Bosporus.

How many Ottoman ships were dragged over the hill?

70.

How did moving the ships change the siege of Constantinople?

The Ottoman army could attack from two sides.

How long did Constantinople hold out during Mehmed II's siege?

More than seven weeks.

How did Ottoman forces finally enter Constantinople?

They found a break in the wall.

What title did Mehmed II gain after taking Constantinople?

Mehmed the Conqueror.

How did Mehmed II repopulate Constantinople?

He opened it to people of many religions and backgrounds.

Which religious groups helped rebuild Constantinople under Mehmed II?

Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

What new name did Constantinople receive?

Istanbul.

Who was Selim the Grim?

Mehmed II's grandson and an Ottoman sultan.

When did Selim the Grim come to power?

1512.

What battle did Selim the Grim win against the Safavids?

The Battle of Chaldiran.

When did Selim the Grim defeat the Safavids at Chaldiran?

1514.

What regions did Selim sweep through after defeating the Safavids?

Syria, Palestine, and North Africa.

Which Islamic holy cities did Selim capture?

Mecca and Medina.

What intellectual center did Selim capture?

Cairo.

What was Egypt's political status after Selim captured Cairo?

It became an Ottoman province.

Who was Suleyman I?

Selim the Grim's son and an Ottoman sultan.

When did Suleyman I come to the throne?

1520.

How long did Suleyman I rule?

46 years.

What title did Suleyman's people give him?

Suleyman the Lawgiver.

What Western title did Suleyman receive?

Suleyman the Magnificent.

Why was Suleyman called the Magnificent in the West?

Because of the splendor of his court and his cultural achievements.

What city did Suleyman conquer in 1521?

Belgrade.

What island did Ottoman forces capture in 1522?

Rhodes.

What result followed the capture of Rhodes?

The Ottomans dominated the eastern Mediterranean.

What North African city did Ottoman naval power capture?

Tripoli.

How did Ottoman coastal holdings in North Africa help the empire?

They controlled trade routes to the continent's interior.

Where did Suleyman advance in 1526?

Hungary and Austria.

What city's outskirts did Suleyman's armies reach?

Vienna, Austria.

Which European ruler most nearly rivaled Suleyman's power?

Charles V, head of the Hapsburg Empire.

What kind of law code did Suleyman create?

A code for criminal and civil actions.

How did Suleyman change taxation?

He simplified the tax system.

How did Suleyman change government administration?

He reduced bureaucracy.

What was one effect of Suleyman's legal and administrative changes?

They improved daily life for almost every citizen.

How many personal slaves staffed the sultan's palace bureaucracy?

20,000.

What was devshirme?

A policy in which the Ottoman army drafted boys from conquered Christian territories.

What happened to boys taken through devshirme?

They were educated, converted to Islam, and trained as soldiers.

What were janissaries?

An elite Ottoman military force loyal only to the sultan.

How many janissaries were in the elite force described?

30,000.

Why were janissaries important to the Ottoman military?

Their discipline made them the heart of the Ottoman war machine.

Why did some Christian families bribe officials to take their children through devshirme?

Bright children could rise to high government or military positions.

What religious freedom did the Ottomans grant under Islamic law?

Freedom of worship to other religious communities.

Which religious communities received particular Ottoman protection?

Christians and Jews.

What were millets?

Religious communities treated as separate nations within the Ottoman Empire.