bio 2 chap 4

inorganic compounds

-do not usually contain carbon
-H2, O, CO2, salts, bases(OH-), and inorganic acids

organic compounds

-contain carbon
-almost always contains hydrogen
--usually contain oxygen and nitrogen
-may also contain phosphorus, sulfur, and small amounts of calcium, iron, sodium, chlorine, potassium

most abundant inorganic compound in body

water (60-80%)

absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before its temperature changes appreciably

high heat capacity

to evaporate, water requires large amounts of heat energy to disrupt the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together

high heat of vaporization

water molecules exhibit a (+) end or pole, and a (-) end or pole. gives water the ability to dissolve in many substances (universal solvent)

polar molecule

water is a __________ in many chemical reactions
(hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis)

important reactant

water forms a cushion (due to hydrogen bonding) around certain body organs to protect them from physical trauma

cushioning

to raise 1mL of water 1 degree C it takes _________

1 cal (1mL/1C=1 calorie)

blood is ________% water

80-85%

lungs are _________% water

90%

brain is _______% water

70%

holds heat

latent heat affect

h20 sticks to anything else

adhesion

water sticks to water

cohesion

salts

-inorganic
-ionic compounds consisting of cations other than H+ and anions other than [OH-]
-most abundant- contains Ca++ & PO4^3-
-Na+,K+ important for nerve impulses
-Fe^3+ forms part of hemoglobin

molecule that transports oxygen within red blood cells

hemoglobin

substances that conduct electrical current while in solution

electrolytes

all salts are __________

electrolytes

+ ion

cation

- ion

anion

surrounds fetus within mother's body and plays role in protecting fetus

amniotic fluid

Fe has affinity for ____________ and _________

carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

acids

-yield H+ in water
-sour taste
-proton donors

bases

-yield OH- in water
-bitter
-proton acceptors

when acids and bases are mixed and chemically react to for a salt and water

neutralization

what is the pH of alkaline/essential water?

9.5

H donates an electron

"naked proton"

the relative concentration of hydrogen/hydroxide ions in a solution

pH

pH scale

-used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions
- 0-14
- low pH = high hydrogen ion concentration

characteristics of carbon

-electroneutral (always shares electrons)
- 4 valence shell electrons (bonds are equal)
-can form chainlike molecules and ring structures (can be suited for specific roles, endless possibilities)

those organic compounds made in the bodies of living things

biosynthetic organic compounds

types of biosynthetic organic compounds

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

carbohydrates makeup

-C, H, O
-no other elements
-C:H:O ratio = 1:2:1

carbohydrates formula

-Cn(H2O)n
-are water containing carbon compounds

types of carbohydrates

-monosaccharides
-ogliosaccharides
-polysaccharides

monosaccharide

-simple sugar
-value of n is between 3 and 7
-3 common (glucose, fructose, galactose)

main sugar metabolized(broken down) by the body and used for energy

glucose (aka dextrose)

sugar which upon consumption is converted to glucose by the liver

fructose (fruit sugar)

not normally found in nature, but combines with glucose to form lactose( milk sugar)

galactose

empirical formula of glucose

C6H12O6

ogliosaccharides

-short chain of carbohydrates (2-10 monosaccharides)
-linked by covalent bonding
-broken down by digestion into simple sugars
-combination of 2 monosaccharides forms disaccharide

disaccharides are formed by _______________

dehydration synthesis

glucose + fructose

sucrose (table sugar)

glucose + galactose

lactose (milk sugar)

glucose + glucose

maltose (malt sugar)

polysaccharides

-most complex
-aka glycans
-long chains of glucose units (300-1000)

way polysaccharides are referred to in medicine

glycans

highly branched polysaccharides

starches

glycogen

-animal starch
-stored in in skeletal muscles and the liver

cellulose

-unbranched
-insoluable in water
-can not be digested(only cows, camels, goats etc)
-referred to as roughage/fiber
-stimulates peristalsis

wavelike contractions that move food through the digestive system

peristalsis

good bacteria in kimchi, sauerkraut, yogurt

microflora

lipid makeup

-C, H, O
-sometimes nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
-H:O much greater than 2:1

types of lipid

- neutral lipid (fats)
- phospholipids
-steroids (basic structure of hormones)
-waxes (protection in ear and plants)

stored energies like triglycerides that protect and insulate our bodies

neutral lipids (fats)

types of steroids

-cholesterol
-biosalts
-vitamin D
-sex hormones
-corticosalts

hole under leaf of plants or hole for ostomy

stoma

fiber supplement, made of psyllium

metamucil

fatty acids

-principle components of lipids
-carbon chains of varying lengths with an acid group attached at one end
- saturated & unsaturated

all available carbon bonds filled with H atoms in fatty acid chain

saturated

all available carbon bonds not filled with H atoms in fatty acid chain (1+ double bonds in carbon chain)

unsaturated

one or more double bond is present in fatty acid chain

monounsaturated

two or more double bonds present in fatty acid chain

polyunsaturated

enzyme that breaks down lipids

lipase

LDL stands for

low density lipoprotein

neutral lipids (fats)

-comprised of a glycerol molecule + 3 fatty-acids
-most abundant lipids in body
-important sources of energy reserve
-referred to as tryglycerides
-stored in adipose cells
-found just beneath skin
-help protect deeper organs from bumps/heat loss

characteristics of saturated fats

-aka animal fats
-solid at room temp
-not essential to health
-found in meats, eggs(yolks), cheese, milk
-hard to digest, raises blood cholesterol levels
-found in some plant foods such as coconut, coconut oil, and palm oil
-no kinks

characteristics of unsaturated fats

-aka oils
-liquid at room temp
-mono/polyunsaturated are the types
-have kinks/double bonds

phospholipids

-contain C,H,O,P
-has glycerol, 2 fatty-acid chains, and a phosphate group
-phosphate group is the head, is polar
-fatty acid chains are nonpolar and make up tail

tails of phospholipids are ________

hydrophobic

heads of phospholipids are ___________

hydrophilic

lipid bilayers formed in the presence of water

micelles

principle components of cell membranes

lipid bilayers

flat molecules formed from four interlocking rings called the steroid nucleus attached to a fatty acid chain

steroid

cholesterol

-single most important steroid
-found in all cell membranes
-enters body through diet
-produced by liver
-keeps membranes fluid

proteins

-most abundant biosynthetic organic compounds in cells
-C, H, O, N (sometimes S, P, Fe)
-amino acids

building blocks of proteins

amino acids

characteristics of amino acids

-22 different types, 20 used for proteins
-distinguished by R group
-bonded together by peptide bonds

protein structure

-synthesized from any number and sequence of amino acids
-50 to 1000s of amino acids
-amino acids linked by peptide bonds

primary structure

-the order of a protein's amino acids
-proteins do NOT normally exist in this form (not functional)
-each held together by a peptide bond

the result of the interaction of certain amino acids through hydrogen bonding

secondary structure

a spiral-shaped region formed by coiling of the primary structure

alpha helix

has the shape of a fan-folded sheet of paper

beta-plated sheet

tertiary structure

-result of more complex interactions between certain amino acids, and between amino acids and water through hydrogen bonding
-full 3-d folded structure
-biologically active form
-fibrous & globular

have an extended rope-like structure - not water soluble (structural protein)

fibrous protein

compact, somewhat spherical shape - water soluble (functional protein)

globular protein

globular proteins are generally:

- non-structural enzymes
-mobile
- have at least a tertiary structure
-do things other than forming structures

found in bones, cartilages, and tendons (fibrous)

collagen

structural protein of hair, nails, and other materials that makes skin tough

keratin

quaternary structure

-some proteins (hemoglobin and collagen)
-consists of two or more tertiary structures bonded together
-biologically active form

water-loving amino acids will ____________

stay near the surface

water fearing amino acids will ______________________________

be buried in the protein core

protein function depends upon _________

its 3D shape

loss of 3D shape = __________

loss of function

when a protein loses its 3D shape

denature

enzymes are

globular proteins that act as catalysts

anything that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, does not become part of the products

catalyst

slows down the rate of a chemical reaction

inhibitor

means enzymes can only do one job

specific