12-1st: Practical Research 2

Quantitative research

deals with numerical values and how they can
describe a phenomenon or infer a relationship.

Quantitative research

defined as “a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables” (Creswell, 2009).

Quantitative research

may either be correlational or causal

Quantitative research

the go-to approach for scientific inquiry because of its ability to test hypotheses

variables

are the ones that are usually identified, examined, described, or correlated to answer a scientific inquiry.

Variables

what is the basis of formulating and testing hypotheses

independent and dependent variable

the two types of variables

independent variable

is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study.

dependent variable

is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the
independent variable.

Mediating variables

also known as intervening variables since they
intervene between the independent and dependent variables to show their connection.

Moderating variables

are variables that have a strong conditioned effect, which may modify the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Categorical, continous

the two types of data/level of measurement

True Experimental Research

is to identify a cause-effect relationship between the variables where the samples are randomized.

Descriptive Research

A nonexperimental research design focuses on the description of factors, variables, or phenomena that occur in nature.

Quasi-Experimental

Also called causal-comparative research, its primary objective is to compare two variables in order to identify whether there exists a causative relationship between them.

Predictive/Quasi-Experimental/Causal-Comparative
Research

This kind of research usually involves two or more groups and one independent variable

Correlational Research

Its primary objective is to compare two variables then identify the relationship between them

Focused and Direct; Formal; Brief but Substantial; Clear; Proper Grammar and Capitalization

what are the characteristics of a good research title?

Background of the Study

is a brief and general discussion of the study based on existing literature and should introduce its purpose and its relevance to the field. It also highlights the research problem.

The research background should be written in
formal and academic language; It is concise; It is evidence-based; It is focused on the research problem; It explains the goals ofthe study.

what are the characteristics of the background of the study?

Statement of the Problem

is an integrative but brief discussion of the research problem, its context, and the questions ofthe study

Statement of the Problem

provides a concise overview of the topic in relation to the research questions

Descriptive

are used to describe certain patterns and focus on single and noncomplex variables

Comparative

are mainly used for comparing and contrasting similarities and differences between variables.

Evaluative

are formed to assess a particular observation or phenomenon

Explanatory

are formed to explain, predict change or outcomes on observed relationships between variables, and
determine howone variable may have an effect on another.

Relevant, specific, clear, analytical, measurable

what are the characteristics of good research questions?

Relevant

all research question must be ____ to the research problem

specific

must not be too broad or too detailed

clear

research questions should use simple language to be comprehensible

analytical

it does not simple ask 'yes" or "no" questions but needs complex analysis

measurable

indicate their feasibility and is measured through standardized tests of experiments

Research objectives

describe what your research is trying to achieve

research hypothesis

a tentative proposition about the relationship between two or more variables.

theoretical framework

a foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work

Conceptual framework

offers an illustration of how the entire research
process will be explored, and explains the relationships of the concepts in the study.

Significance of the Study

is an essential section of your Introduction that
lists down the different stakeholders and beneficiaries of the study and how they benefit from it

Scope

is the general extent of the content that will be covered by your study.

Limitations

are potential weaknesses in a study that are not within your control as a researcher

Operational definitions

refer to how a variable was used or measured in
the study