Block 1 GA

What is in the Manus region

carpals, metacarpals, and digits

Sagittal plane

into left and right, but not equally

Median plane

will divide the body into L and R equally

Dorsal plane

top and bottom, therefore dorsal and ventral regions

Transverse Plane

head: rostral caudal, Trunk: cranial caudal, Limb: Proximal, distal Paw: dorsal, palmar

Axial and Abaxial

in reference to ungulates, axial towards midline, abaxial away from midline

Palmar vs Dorsal

only in reference to the manus

Oral and aboral

oral at the mouth and aboral at the anus, can also be proximal → distal

Osteology

study of the bones

what are the 7 primary functions of the bone

1.support 2.growth (growth plates), 3.movement, 4.storge of nutrients (Ca and P), 5.protection (of internal organs), 6.Storage of Fat 7. blood cell formation (hematopoesis)

Types of bones

Flat bones, long bones, short bones, and irregular bones

examples of long bones

humerous, radius, ulna, phalangies

sesamoid bones

special type of short bones found within tendons, proxial sesamoid bones in the manus

what is the purpose of the sesamoid bones

decrease the friction btwn tendon and bones, provide extra levrge for muscle attachment, displace the axis of force by alerting the direction of tension on muscle tendon

Long bones, structure and function

has at least 3 centres of ossification, diaphesis is the bone shaft and the epiphesis aare the proximal and distal ends

diaphysis

the bone shaft, has the medullary cavity (yellow bone marrow) — storge of fat

physeal growth plate

located bten the ephysis and siaphysis on young animals, comprised of cartilage

Proxial epihysis

contains the spongy bone

what is the relevance of growth plates

primary sight of infections, metastasis, and effects of endorine bone disorder; hidden from the immune system

what os wolf’s law

form follows fucntion

non articular prominces

sites of muscle attachment, passgae of vessels and nerves

articular prominces

make up the joints ex. glenoid cavity

what are the structural classification of Joints 3

Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous Joints, synovial joints

Fibrous Joints

strong connective tissie that unites articular surfaces, they can fuse synostosis, almost no movement, ex, skull

cartilagenous

cartilage unites articular surfaces of bones — limited moebent ex. disc of the spine

Synovial joint

joint cavity articular surface of bones, filles with synocial fluid — most movement

synostosis

the fusion of bones, maybe due to fibrous joints

anatomy of synovial joint

in the middle — synovial cavity, on the articulating bones cartilage id found, synovial layer on the side, supported by hte fibrous layer

ligaments

connects bone to bone, fibrous connective tissue, extracapular (collateral ligmant) and intracasular (crusiate ligmant)

meniscus

fibocartilagenous located within a synovial cavity, allow articular surfaces to fit togther

felxion vs extension

felxs = decrease the angle btwn bones, extend = increase the angle within bones

adduction vs abduction

add— togthertwds medial line, abdu — away from medial line

aponerosis

a flat sheet of tendon that allows an incrase of SA for muscle attachemnt

what causes lameness

can be caused ny muscle/tendon damage and not just bone or joint pathology

define the following tendon of origin, Belly, tnedon Insertion

o: proximal attachment (low movement) B: part that contracts I: distal attachment (more movement compared to O)

Tendon

muscle to bone

Synovial Bursa vs Synovial Sheeth

both are tenson accessories B: a sac filled from synovial fluid, protects the tendon from the bone , Shealth: goes around the tendon, like a sock to ease liding btwn retinaculm and bone

retinaculum

fibrous band holding down the tendon to a bone

Fascia, deep vs superficial

fascia - fibrous leaves enveloping and isolating muscle grouos and individual muscles

superficial: loose connective tissue, attch skin to underlying muscle

deep: leaf of dense connective tissue some muscles may originate or insert; separated the muscle groups into facial planes

synsarcosis

the connection btwn two or more bones via a muscle rather than a joint