Personality psych test 1

Person and Situation

Both the situation and person contribute to behavior

Personality

Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual

6 Approaches to Personality

Psychoanalytic approach, trait approach, biological approach, humanistic approach, behavior/social approach and cognitive approach

Individualistic Cultures

Place emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments. People like to think of themselves as independent and unique.

Collectivist Cultures

More concerned about belonging to a larger group such as family tribe or nation.

Personality and Culture

Western notion of self-esteem is based on assumptions about personal goals and feelings of uniqueness that may not apply to people in many other countries. Similarly, Western psychologists studying achievement motivation sometimes try to predict who will get ahead in academic or business situations. However, this definition of achievement and success is not shared universally. In some collectivist cultures, success means cooperation and group accomplishments. Personal recognition may even be frowned upon.We also need to consider the culture a person comes from when identifying and treating psychological ny cultural backgrounds (Markus, 2017). Indeed, researchers find that psychotherapy is more effective when it is tailored to the client’s cultural norms and values

Theory

A general statement about the relationship between constructs or events.

Hypothesis-testing approach

A hypothesis is a formal prediction about the relaitonship between two or more variables that is logically derived from the theory.

Independent Variable

Determines how the groups in the experiment are divided

Dependent Variable

Measured by the investigator and used to compare the experimental groups.

Manipulated vs. Non manipulated

Manipulated variable begins with a large number of participants and randomly assigns them to experimental groups. Each person has an equally likely chance of ebing assigned to Condition A as to Condition B or so on. Nonmanipulated independent variable-sometimes referred to as subject variables- exists without researcher intervention, does not assign participants to a condition.

Prediction

We expect researchers to make predictions about what will happen in a study before the data is collected

Hindsight

Explainung why something happenedafter the fact

Replication

The more often an effect is found in research, the more confidence we have that it reflects a genuine relationship. Replications often examine participants who come from different populations than used in the original research.

Case Study

an in-depth evaluation of a single individual (or sometimes a few individuals).

Statistical Significance

How researchers tell if different group averages represent real effects or just chance fluctuations

Correlation coefficient

It is the appropriate statistical test when we want to understand the relationship between two measures

Anna O.

Anna O. experienced several hysterical symptoms, including paralysis of her left arm, hallucinations, and the ability to speak only in languages other than her native tongue of German. Under hypnosis, Anna O. would talk about her daydreams and hallucinations and about past traumatic events.

Little Albert

Watson used classical conditioning to instill a fear of white rats in an 11-month-old baby known as Little Albert (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

Reliability

A test has good reliability when it measures consistently. One indication of a test’s reliability is how consistent the scores are over time.

Validity

the extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.

Personality assessment

Valid and reliable assessment is a key component of personality research. If we are going to study achievement motivation, self-esteem, social anxiety, and so on, we need to measure these concepts as accurately as possible.

The Topographic Model

Freud originally divided personality into three parts: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. This division is known as the topographic model .

The structural Model

structural model , which divides personality into the id, the ego, and the superego.

Id, Ego, Superego

Id-selfish part of youthe part only concerned with satisfying personal desires. Based on the pleasure principle buried in the unconscious and outside of our awwareness. Ego- takes into consideration the realities of the world. Youe ego moves freely among the conscious preconscious and unconcscious parts of your mind. Superego- represents societys, in particular the caregivers, values and standards and places more restrictions on what we can do. Brings forth guilt, keeping us in line with societal standards.

All Defense Mechanisms 7?

Repression (the cornerstone on which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests) an active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of the consciousness. Sublimation- the only tryly successful defense mechnaism, the ego channels threatening unconscious impulses into scially acceptable actions. Displacement- channeling our impulses to nonthreatening objects, these impulses dont lead to social rewards. Denial- we insist that something is not true despite all evidence to the contrary. Reaction Formation- we hide from threatening unconscious ideas or urges by acting in a manner opposite to our unconscious desires. Intellectualization- remove the emotional content from the though before allowing it into awareness. Projection- we attribyte an unconcsious impulse to other poeple instead of to ourselves.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Our adult personalities are heavily influenced by what happens to us during the first 5 or. Years of life. A small amount of psychic energy is sued up resolving the challenges of each stage, and if all goes as it should most of us still have an adequate amount of psychic energy left to operate a healthy personality by adulthood. (Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage)

Oedipus Complex

Children this age (5 to 6) develop a sexual attraction to their opposite sex parent. Yound boyd shave strong incestuous desires toward their mothers and the opposite for girls.

Fixation

The result is fixation, the tying up of psychic energy.

Dreams

Dreams provide id impulses with a stage for expresssion, they are the things that we desire. There is manifest content and latent content.

Projective Tests

Present test takers with ambiguous stimuli and ask them to respond by identifying objects telling a story or drawing a picture these responses are said to provide insights into what is going on in the unconscious.

Transference

A step in traditional psychoanalysis where emotions associated with people from the past are displaced onto a therapist.

Countertransference

Therapists displace their own feelings towards other individuals onto the client.

The Pleasure Principle

The id is concerned only with what brings immediate personal satisfaction regardless of physical or social costs.

Free Association

Allowing patients to say whatever is on their minds under hypnosis, under the right circumstances patients would describe hidden material that seemed related to the causes of their symptoms.

Freudian slips

To Freud they represented unconcscious associations that momentarily slipped out.

Hypnosis

the ego was somehow put into a suspended state during a deep hypnotic trance, which allowed the hypnotist to bypass the ego and get directly to unconscious material.

Accidents

Intentional actions stemming from unconcsious impulses.

Symbolic Behavior

representations of unconscious desires. Symbolic actions pose no threat to the ego because they are not perceived for what they are.

Psychoanalysis

The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to bring crucial unconscious material into consciousness where it can be examined in a rational manner.

Rorschach/TAT/Human Figure Drawing Test

TAT-The TAT was designed by Henry Murray (Chapter 7) and consists of a series of ambiguous pictures. the Human Figure Drawing test is seen as an indicator of psychological problems, particularly in children. : the Rorschach inkblot test. The participant tells the psychologist what they see in the card. Whether these responses provide a valid assessment of the test taker’s personality remains controversial.

Dream Interpretations

Once researchers have these descriptions, they use various coding systems to identify relevant dream content and create categorical data that can be used to test hypotheses

Continuity hypothesis

the content of our dreams is not random but rather reflects the concerns and preoccupations we wrestle with during our waking hours.

Recurrent Dream

From a psychoanalytic perspective, the dream reappears night after night because the conflict expressed in the dream is important yet remains unresolved.

Symbolism and dreams

that seemingly innocent objects and actions in our dreams represent topics so anxiety-provoking they are disguised in the form of symbols

Defense mechanisms

Each of us is said to regularly employ a wide range of defense mechanisms, yet, because the process remains in the unconscious, we have no awareness that we are doing so.

Developmental differences

Denial consists of disavowing certain facts, either refusing to acknowledge reality or distorting one’s memory In particular, older children often rely on projection to alleviate their anxieties and inward fears.

Humor

Unlike “innocent” jokes, such as puns and clever insights, tendentious jokes provide insight into the unconscious of the joke teller as well as the person who laughs.

Hypnosis

Freud saw hypnosis as a passkey to the unconscious mind. Somehow barriers to the unconscious are weakened during hypnosis, allowing easier access to crucial unconscious material.

Defensive Style

Psychologists sometimes refer to these individual patterns as our defensive style.

Catharsis

The more tension people experience before receiving a punch line, the funnier they find a joke, a process Freud described as catharsis