Biochemistry

what is chemistry?

the study of atoms and molecules and their interactions

what is physiology?

the study of how living organisms function, including how their atoms, molecules, and organ systems work together

what is biochemistry?

how chemistry relates to a living organism

what is an atom?

the smallest recognizable particle of elements that still maintain all the characteristics of that element

what percent of the human body weight is composed of atoms?

99%

what are the six elements that make up 99% of the human body and what percent does each element make up?

oxygen (65%), carbon (18%), hydrogen (10%), nitrogen (3%), calcium (1.5%), phosphorus (1%)

what is 1% of the human body weight composed of?

minor elements and trace elements

what does an atom consist of?

a nucleus containing protons and neutrons

what is the nucleus surrounded by?

electrons

what are protons

positively charged particles

what are neutrons?

neutral particles

what are electrons?

negatively charged particles

what are elements?

the smallest unit that retains the unique chemical properties of that specific matter, and is abbreviated by chemical names

what are molecules?

two or more same/different atoms joined together

what are compounds?

molecules with more than one type of atom

how are all the known elements are arranged?

based on the number of protons in their nucleus

what are the six trace elements?

iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), fluorine (F)

what is the adult daily requirement for iron?

10mg for males, 18mg for females

what is the function of iron?

format hemoglobin for oxygen delivery and enzymes

what are deficiency symptoms of iron?

dry skin, spoon shaped nails, decreased hemoglobin count, anemia

what is the main dietary sources for iron?

liver and other organ meats, oysters, green leafy vegetables, fortified foods, cereal, egg yolk

what is the adult daily requirement for copper?

2.0 to 5.0 mg

what is the function of copper?

important in enzyme systems for aiding formation of red blood cells and collagen

what are deficiency symptoms of copper?

anemia, decreased white cell count, bone demineralization - deficiency is uncommon

what is the main dietary source of copper?

nuts, organ meats, whole grains, shellfish, eggs, green leafy veggies, poultry

what is the adult dietary requirement for manganese?

2.5 to 5.0 mg

what is the function of manganese?

collagen formation, needed for some enzyme systems, central nervous system, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, blood clotting

what are deficiency symptoms of manganese?

abnormal skeletal growth, impairment of central nervous system

what are the dietary sources for manganese?

whole grains, wheal germ, legumes, pineapple, figs

what is the adult daily requirement for zinc?

15 mg

what is the function of zinc?

immune system health, amino acid metabolism, cellular growth, enzyme system maintenance, energy production, collagen

what are deficiency symptoms of zinc?

retarded growth and bone formation, dwarfism, skin inflammation, impaired taste, poor healing

what are dietary sources for zinc?

oysters, crab, lamb, beef, organ meats, whole grains

what is the adult daily requirement for iodine?

150 mcg

what is the function of iodine?

needed for activity of thyroid gland

what are deficiency symptoms of iodine?

hypothyroidism, goiter, congenital hypothyroidism

what are dietary sources of iodine?

seafood, iodized salt

what is the adult daily requirement for fluorine?

1.5 to 4.0 mg

what is the function of fluorine?

necessary for solid tooth formation and retention of calcium in bones with aging

what are deficiency symptoms for fluorine?

dental cavities

what are dietary sources for fluorine?

tea, fish, water in some areas, supplementary drops, toothpaste

what are some minor elements in the body?

potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium

what is the structure hierarchy from atoms to organisms?

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

in a typical atom, how do the number of protons and electrons compare?

the number of positively charged protons equals the number of negatively charged electrons

what do the balance of protons and electrons result in?

a neutral charged atom

what are ions?

atoms that can gain or lose electrons and have a positive or negative charge

what charge will and atom have if they lost an electron?

positive

what charge will and atom have if they gained an electron?

negative

how do ions interact with each other based on their charge?

opposites attract and like charges repel

what are electrolytes?

a chemical element that carries a positive or negative charge and conduct electricity when dissolved in a solution

T or F: electrolytes are ions but not all ions are electrolytes

true

what do electrolytes do?

they influence the nervous system, muscle activity, and fluid balance

what are some important electrolytes?

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, hydrogen phosphate, bicarbonate

what are molecular bonding?

elements joined together which are help together by bonds between electrons in the atoms

what is an example of an ionic bond?

if one atom donates electrons to the other atom

what is an ionic bond?

the bond that holds compounds together by the strong electrical attractions between the opposite charges of the ions involved

why do atoms in an ionic bond carry a positive or negative charge?

because one atom loses electrons and becomes positively charged, while the other gains electrons and becomes negatively charged, forming ions

charge of cations?

positive

charge of anions?

negative

what is an example of a covalent bond?

when electrons are shared by the atoms involved in the bond

what is a covalent bond?

a molecular bond in which valence electrons are shared equally and aren’t charged

what are double bonds?

the most common form of multiple bonds where two pairs of electrons are shared

why do some covalently bonded atoms share electrons unequally, as in a water molecule?

some atoms, like oxygen, have higher electronegativity and “pull” shared electrons closer to themselves, causing unequal sharing and creating partial charges on the molecule

what is the bond between two unequally shared electrons called?

polar covalent bonds

what happens to the charges on atoms in a molecule when electrons are shared unequally?

the atom with the greater pull on the electrons becomes slightly negative, while the atom with less pull becomes slightly positive, creating regions of different charges on the molecule

acid and bases are also what and why?

electrolytes because they can conduct electricity and break down in water

what are acids?

a chemical substance that can hydrogen ions

what can acids do?

dissolve metals and burn a hole through material

what do acids that are dissolved in water release?

hydrogen ions that can easily react with other atoms

what are acids also called and why?

hydrogen donors because they donate ions to the solution

how do acids taste?

sour

what is basic or alkaline?

a chemical substance that accepts hydrogen ions

what is a common base?

hydroxides

what is a bicarbonate accepting and creating

hydrogen ions and creating carbonic acid which is a weak acid

what are hydroxides

common bases which accept hydrogen ions

how does alkaline taste?

bitter

what is pH?

potential of hydrogen

what does pH measure?

the concentration or amount of hydrogen and hydroxides per unit volumes

what is the neutral pH number?

7

what does a neutral pH mean?

there are the same number of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions

what does pH of 0 to 6.9 mean?

there are more hydrogen ions so it is acidic

what does pH of more than 7 mean?

there are more hydroxide ions meaning it is more basic/alkaline

what is the pH of hydrochloric acid?

0.0

what is the pH of stomach acid?

0.8

what is the pH of orange juice?

2.8

what is the pH of wine?

2.5 to 3.5

what is the pH of black coffee?

5.0

what is the pH of urine?

60

what is the pH of cytoplasm?

7.0

what is the pH of blood?

7.4

what is the pH of pancreatic juice?

8.0

what is the pH of household bleach?

9.5

what is the pH of milk of magnesia?

10.5

what is the pH of household ammonia?

11.9

what is the pH of sodium hydroxide?

14.0

what two systems help regulate the acid-base balance?

respiratory and renal system

what do the respiratory and renal system do to regulate the acid base balance?

the respiratory system removes carbon diode (acid) by breathing, and if it fails, the kidney eliminate excess acid through urine

what type of acid is carbon dioxide

a weak one

what is water?

the chief liquid in biological systems since all fluid in our body is water based

why is water polar solvent?

the bonds between H and O in water are covalent since oxygen takes more than its share of electrons