Pulmonology

what is the trachea

windpipe

PET Scan of the lung

• Positron Emission tomography

• radioactive glucose is injeted adn images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs.

Ventilation perfusion ( VQ Scan)

records radioactivity in lung after intravenous injection of radioisotope and inhalation of a small amt of radioactive gas ( xenon)

What is the pleura, and two types

• double-layered membrane surrounding each lung.

• two types:

  • visceral ( inner layer of pleura closer to lung tissue)

  • parietal pleura ( outer layer of pleura lying closer to ribs and chest wall.

Atelectasis

collapsed lung ; incomplete expansion of a lung.

What are the two forms of atelectasis?

1) Bronchial obstruction

• prevents air from reaching distal airways and alveoli collapse. ( caused mostly by blockage of a bronchus by mucus/ plug.

2) acumulation of fluids / blood or air within pleural cavity collapse lung.

• can occur with pneumonia, fluid buildup in pleural cavity, pneumothorax

emphysema

• cannot breath out properly→ lungs are hyper inflamed

• pink puffer lips

• strong association w/ cigarrete smoking.

• blood vessels, and pulmonary artery pressure rises → right side of heart must work harder to pump blood. → right ventricular hypertrophy / right heart failure.

pneumothorax

air gets trapped in pleura making the lung collapse ( atelectasis)

• when break in lung surface→ releases air into pleural space.

chronic bronchitis

• inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time.

• type of COPD ( Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease )

• Signs and symptoms:

  • excessive secretion of often infected mucus, productive cough ( wet cough) , obstruction of respiratory passaes.

Cystic Fibrosis

• Inherited disorder

• where exocrine glands result in thick mucinous secretions in respiratory tract that do not drain normally.

  Diagnosed: newborn screenign blood test, sweat tess ,genetic testing.

What are the two types of COPD

1) chronic bronchitis

2) Emphysema

pneumonia

acute inflammation and infection of albeioli, which fill with pus or products of inflammatyr reaction.

pulmonary edema

fluid in air sacs and bronchioles

• caused by inability of heart to pump blood ( congestive heart failure)

  • blood backs up in pulmonary blood vessels and fluid seeps out into the alveoli and bronchioles.

pulmonary embolism ( PE)

• clot or other materials lodges in vessels of the lung

• from DVT ( deep vein thrombosis)

• Test: VQ scan ( Ventilation perfusion) gold star for Pulmonary embolism

  • next is CT angiography.

Tuberculosis

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Signs and Symptoms:

• cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis ( coughing up blood) , pleuritic pain.

Tests: sputum culture , PPD( Purified Protein Derivative) , Chest X ray.

Chest X Ray:

• infiltrates ( areas of opacity)

• cavitary lesions

• swollen lymph nodes ( lumps on x-ray)

• miliary pattern ( tiny dots scattered across lung fields)

What is the medical term for coughing up blood

Hemoptysis

What is sputum culture test

• test the phlegm; et results back from 4-6 weeks

• used as testing for TB

What is PPD ( Purified Protein Derivative )

• used to detect TB infelction

• injecting small amt of PPD under forearm skin ( a protein derived from TB bacteria)

  • if it swells / turns red, it indicates the patient has been infected with TB ( does NOT mean they have an active TB disease)

endotracheal intubation

placement of a tube through the mouth into pharynx, larynx and trachea to establish an airway.

What do white lines represent on X Rays

blood vessels.

asthma

respiratory condition; spasms of bronchi causing difficulty in breathing.

• ( airways narrowed, inflammed and produce extra mucus making it difficult to breath)

Test:

• Spirometry ( type of Pulmonary function Test )

• If no illness, CXR is normal.

• every time someone has attack they do NOT need CXR.

  • if they are sick ( while attack) … check for pneumonia/ asthma or bronchitis.

What is tachypnea

fast breathing

What is term for difficulty breathing

dyspnea

apex of lung

top curvy part of lung.

How many lobes doe the lung have

• 5 lobes.

  • Right lung has 3 lobes ( upper , middle , lower)

  • left lung has 2 lobes ( upper and lower

Pleural effusion

A buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest

• 
  Fluid can accumulate around the lungs due to poor pumping by the heart or by inflammation.

what is treatment for pneumothorax

Treatment: chest tube.

Pleural Effusion X Ray

what is treatment for chronic bronchitis

• Treatment:

  • variety of inhalers ( albuterol)

  • oxygen tanks

  • prednisone ( not every day)

treatment for asthma

Treatment:

• albuterol ( inhaler)

• prednisone ( steroid)