Chapter 10: Aerobic Respiration

Pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, ETC, ATP synthesis, matrix, outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix, cristae junction, cristae, intracristal space

Mitochondria:

• Where ___ ___, ___ ___ ___, ___, and ___ ___ are done

• All happens in the ___

Structure:

1. ___ ___

2. ___ ___

3. ___ ___

4. ___

5. ___ ___

6. ___

7. ___ ___

Lynn Margulis, G- bacteria, Hoffman, Avers

Endosymbiotic Theory:

• Proposed by ___ ___

• States that ___ ___ became mitochondria

Mitochondria Discovery:

• By ___ and ___

38, NAD+, O2, 2, NAD+, lactate, ethanol

Respiration vs Fermentation:

Respiration:

• Is the complete oxidation of glucose

• Makes a max of ___ (#) ATP

• ___ is regenerated by e- transport

• ___ is the external e- acceptor

Fermentation:

• Is the incomplete oxidation of glucose

• Makes a max of ___ (#) ATP

• ___ is regenerated by pyruvate processing

• Accumulates ___ and ___ wastes

Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH, pyruvate dehydrogenase, oxidative decarboxylation, phosphorylated, PDH kinase, ATP, dephosphorylated, PDH phosphatase, H2O

Pyruvate Processing:

• Is the conversion of 2 pyruvate to 2 ___ and also makes 2 ___ and 2 ___ by the enzyme ___ ___ in a ___ ___ rxn

  • Enzyme is inactive when ___ by ___ ___ that requires ___ and active when ___ by ___ ___ with ___

Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, citrate, decarboxylation, 3, 4, oxidation, 3, 4, 6, 8, 5, oxaloacetate

TCA Overview:

• Rxn 1 where ___ is added to ___ to make ___

• ___ rxns happen at rxn ___ and ___ to expel CO2

• ___ rxns happen at rxn ___, ___, ___, and ___ to make 3 NADH and 1 FADH₂

• ATP or GTP in animals is made at rxn ___ (#)

• Finally, ___ is regenerated at rxn 8

Citrate, isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

TCA Intermediates:

1. ___

2. ___

3. ___

4. ___

5. ___

6. ___

7. ___

8. ___

Citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase

TCA Enzymes:

• CAC-1: ___

• CAC-2: ___

• CAC-3: ___

• CAC-4: ___

• CAC-5: ___

• CAC-6: ___

• CAC-7: ___

• CAC-8: ___

Review

TCA Allosteric Regulation:

• idk

Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP, Pi, CO2, NADH, FADH2, CoA-SH, ATP

TCA Summary:

___ + 3 ___ + ___ + ___ + ___ → 2 ___ +3 ___ +___ + ___ + ___

Glycerol, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, FA, CoA, fatty acyl CoA, beta-oxidation

Catabolism of Triacylglycerol:

• Makes ___ that is then made to ___ ___

• Also makes ___ that are linked to ___ to make ___ ___ ___ that are then degraded again by ___-___

Mitochondria, peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2, 2 carbon, oxidation, hydration, reoxidation, thiolysis

Beta-Oxidation:

• Happens in the ___ and ___

  • Plant subtypes of 2nd organelle are called ___

• Makes ___, ___, and ___

• 1 cycle of beta-oxidation removes ___ (#) ___

4 Steps:

1. ___

2. ___

3. ___

4. ___

Alanine, aspartate, glutamate, TCA cycle

AA:

• ___ can be converted into pyruvate

• ___ can be converted into oxaloacetate

• ___ can be converted into a-ketoglutarate

• These all can be fed into the ___ ___

2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 0 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Summary of Aerobic Respiration - Oxidative Phosphorylation: (Assuming 2 of GA3P, Pyruvate, and Acetyl-CoA)

1. ___ (#) ___

2. ___ (#) ___

3. ___ (#) ___

4. ___ (#) ___

5. ___ (#) ___ and ___ (#) ___

6. ___ (#) ___

-52.4, -45.9

ETC Coenzyme Oxidation:

• NADH + H⁺ + ½O₂ → NAD⁺ + H₂O

  • ΔG = ___ kcal/mol

• FADH₂ + ½O₂ → FAD + H₂O

  • ΔG = ___ kcal/mol

Flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, cytochromes, copper cytochromes, coenzyme q, nonprotein, hydrophobic

5 Types of e- Carriers in Various ETCs:

1. ___

2. ___-___ ___

3. ___

4. ___ ___

5. ___ ___

• #5 is the only ___ type

• All are ___

Oxidation, NADH, FADH2, high, low, H+ gradient

Redox in ETC:

• ___ rxn of ___ and ___ causes the molecules to go from a ___ energy state to a ___ energy state to fuel ___ ___

Standard reduction potential, V, e-, reduced, donor, oxidized, acceptor

E’₀:

• Also called ___ ___ ___ measured in ___ and shows the affinity for ___

• Redox pair with -E’₀ means the ___ form is a good e- ___

• Redox pair with +E’₀ means the ___ form is a good e- ___

NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase, NADH dehydrogenase, succinate-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase, succinate dehydrogenase, coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, cytochrome b/c, cytochrome c oxidase

Names of ETC Complexes:

• Complex I: ___-___ ___ ___ or ___ ___

• Complex II: ___-___ ___ ___ or ___ ___

• Complex III: ___ ___-___ ___ ___ or ___ ___/___ complex

• Complex IV: ___ ___ ___

NADH, flavin mononucleotide, Fe-S centers, coenzyme Q, succinate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, Fe-S centers, coenzyme Q, coenzyme Q, cytochrome b, Fe-S center, cytochrome c1, cytochrome c, cytochrome c, cytochrome a, cytochrome a3, Fe-Cu centers, O2

ETC Cofactors and e- Flow:

• Complex I:

  • e- donor is ___ (1)

  • Cofactors: 1 ___ ___ (2) and 6-9 ___-___ ___ (3)

  • e- acceptor is ___ ___ (4)

• Complex II:

  • e- donor is ___ (5)

  • Cofactors: 1 ___ ___ ___ (6) and 3 ___-___ ___ (7)

  • e- acceptor is ___ ___ (8)

• Complex III:

  • e- donor is ___ ___ (9)

  • Cofactors: 2 ___ ___ (10), 1 ___-___ ___ (11), 1 ___ ___ (12)

  • e- acceptor is ___ (13)

• Complex IV:

  • e- donor is ___ (13)

  • Cofactors: 1 ___ ___ (14), 1 ___ ___ (15), 2 ___-___ ___ (16)

  • e- acceptor is ___ (17)

4, 0, 4, oxidation, coenzyme Q, 2

ETC H⁺ Transport:

• Complex I: ___ (#) H⁺

• Complex II: ___ (#) H⁺

• Complex III: ___ (#) H⁺

  • Half from ___ rxn of ___ ___

• Complex IV: ___ (#) H⁺

3, inner membrane, matrix, static, motor, 1 a, 2 b, 10 c, ionic, 1 delta, 3 alpha, 3 beta, 1 epsilon, gamma

ATP Synthase:

• Takes ___ (#) H⁺ to make 1 ATP

• Has a F₀ component at the ___ ___ and F₁ component at the ___

• Each major component has ___ and ___ subcomponents

  • F₀ static has ___ (#) ___ (1) subunit(s) that makes up the H⁺ channel and ___ (#) ___ (2) subunit(s) that links the other subunit to F1 component

  • F₀ mobile has ___ (#) ___ (3) subunit(s) that make ___ bonds with subunit a and spin

  • F₁ static has ___ (#) ___ (4) subunit(s) that anchor the catalytic site to the F₀ b₂ subunits and the catalytic hexagon of ___ (#) ___ and ___ (#) ___ (5)

  • F₁ mobile has ___ (#) ___ (6) and ___ (7) subunits that anchor the F₀ c subunits to the F₁ catalytic site

Beta, l, t, o, 120, gamma

Binding Change Model for ATP Synthesis:

• Shows how ___ subunits go through 3 different conformations

  1. ___ conformation where ADP and Pi are loosely bound

  2. ___ conformation where ADP and Pi are tightly bound to make ATP

  3. ___ conformation where it is open and has low affinity for substrates or products

• Happens every ___° rotation of ___ subunit