1 - Lab Animal Science Laws

Body of scientific and technical information,

knowledge, and skills related to laboratory

animal care and laboratory animal medicine

LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE

•Any animals that are specifically bred for

biomedical research.

LABORATORY ANIMALS

Features of lab animals

• Clear source

• Bred artificially

• Defined genetic background

USES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS

Drug Development

Vaccine Development

Safety Testing

Surgical Techniques

Basic Research

Disease Modelling

Instruction/Extension Services/Training

AAALAC International

(Association for Assessment and Accreditation

of Laboratory Animal Care)

AALAS

(American Association for Laboratory Animal Science)

ACLAM

(American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine)

ASLAP

(American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners)

ILAR

(Institute for Laboratory Animal Research)

ICLAS

(International Council for Laboratory Animal Science)

NABR

(National Association for Biomedical Research)

FELASA

(Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science

Associations)

AFLAS

(Asian Federation of Laboratory Animal Associations)

(PALAS)

Philippine Association for Laboratory

Animal Science

PCLAM

Philippine College of

Laboratory Animal Medicine

difference of PALAS and PCLAM

PALAS: joining can be for anyone who’ll use lab animals for use/promotion (e.g., NGO)

PCLAM: joining is ONLY for licensed vets

organization guided by the 3 global R’s

PALAS

Global 3R’s framework

Replacement

Reduction

Refinement

PALAS is a member of what organization

AFLAS - Asian Federation of Laboratory Animal Science Associations

PALAS work closely with stakeholders like

PVMA - Philippine Veterinary Medicine`

These guidelines are named what

PLANNING RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ON

ANIMALS: RECOMMENDATION FOR EXCELLENCE (PREPARE)

GUIDELINES

these guidelines are named what

ANIMAL RESEARCH: REPORTING OF IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS

(ARRIVE) GUIDELINES

the PRINCIPLE OF HUMANE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE (3RS) are proposed by

Rex Burch and William Russell

An animal experiment is only approved if no suitable alternative method exists, such as computer simulations or cell culture experiments

Replace

Only the smallest number of animals necessary for an experiment may be used. a clever study design provides a statistically significant result with a minimum number of animals

Reduce

Housing and experimental conditions are being constantly optimized in order to subject laboratory animals to as little stress as possible. This includes always choosing the most animal-friendly experimental method, promoting non-invasive procedures, and treating any pain the animal may be in.

Refine

Replacement

Reduction

Refinement

organization that updated the 3Rs framework

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE REPLACEMENT REFINEMENT &

REDUCTION OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH

atlernatives of animal models for biomedical research

In vitro

In vertebrate

In silico

High-throughput screening (HTS) and cell based assays

Organoids and organs-on chips

In vitro model

Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model

In vertebrate

Copepods

In vertebrate

Zebra fish (Danio rerio)

In vertebrate

Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)

In vertebrate

Mollusca

In vertebrate

Brine shrimp (Artemia)

In vertebrate

Caenorhabditis elegans

In vertebrate

scientific name of zebrafish

Danio rerio

scientific name of African clawed frog

Xenopus laevis

scientific name of brine shrimp

Artemia

type of roundworm used for lab research

Caenorhabditis elegans

fruit fly used for lab research

Drosophila melanogaster

scientific name for mouse

Mus musculus

lab research animal that is cheap, genome size of ~10 mb, 65% human disease gene conservative rates, low neuron (302), 4 day generation time

Caenorhabditis elegans

75% conservative rate; 10 day generation time; 140 mb; ~100,00 neuron

Fruit fly

82% conservative rate; 3-4 month genration time, ~1400 mb; ~1M neurons

Zebra fish

99% conservative rate; 9-11 wk gen time; 2600 mb; 70M neurons

Mouse

Animal model of choice for biomedical research

95-98% shared genomes to humans

small size, short pregnancy and nursing, high

# of offspring, short life cycle, abundant genetic resources for diabetes

cost-effective

Mouse

sci name of rat

(Rattus norvegicus)

2ND most common laboratory animal for

biomedical research

Large size, can replicate complexity of human

diseases, abundant genetic resources

Rat

sci name of SYRIAN HAMSTER

(Mesocricetus auratus)

Stocky and with abundant loose skin

Aggressive and fierce territorial; dominant female

Radioresistant

SYRIAN HAMSTER

sci name of GUINEA PIG

(Cavia porcellus)

Herbivores, hystricomorph (porcupine-like)

Stocky body, no tail or vestigial

Tonic immobility, 11 vocal sounds

GUINEA PIG

RABBIT sci name

(Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Nocturnal and social animals

Obligate nose breathers

Tonic immobility, caecotrophy

rabbit

NON-HUMAN PRIMATES sci name

(Macaca fascicularis)

Diurnal, arboreal, omnivores

Excellent swimmers, less cold tolerant

Females with beard

NHP

2nd most commonly used NHP

Cynomolgus

Macaques

DOGS SCI NAME

(Canis familiaris)

Dichromatic vision, better night vision

Cannot sweat, panting

Polyphasic sleepers, exceptional sense of smell

Emotional sensitivity

dog

dog breed usually used in lab research :((

beagle

PIGS sci name

(Sus scrofa)

Excellent sense of smell, insensitive to noise,

less developed vision

Omnivores, gregarious animals

Similar cardiovascular, immune, skin

Naturally hygienic, highly intelligent

pigs

pigs usually used for lab research

Gottingen Mini Pig

Miniature pig

Share over 70% similarity with humans

Found in diverse habitats, omnivores

Capable of regenerating tissues, lateral line system

Zebra fish

Share more than 75% similarity with humans

“Dew lover”, requires moist environment

Development is temperature dependent

Short life cycle

fruit fly

Capable of hermaphroditic reproduction (through self-fertilization)

Feed by means of rhythmic contraction of the pharynx

Consumes microorganisms and flourishes in nutrient-rich setting

Lack blood and circulatory system

round worms

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR ANIMAL MODELS

• Appropriateness as an analog

• Transferability of information

• Genetic uniformity of organisms

• Background knowledge of biological properties

• Cost and Availability

• Ease and adaptability to experimental manipulation

Used to understand how diet influences disease development and

biological functions such as expression of genes i.e. feeding high-

calorie, high-fat diet to mimic human obesity and metabolic

syndrome.

Diet-induced Models

A cost-effective and reproducible way to mimic human diseases by

exposure to specific chemicals i.e. toxins, carcinogens.

Chemical- induced Models

Used to induce the development of disease i.e. CLP-induced sepsis or

to examine the therapeutic outcomes or regenerative potential

Surgical Models

Application of genetic modification tools like CRISPR/Cas9, ZFN, Cre-

Lox, electroporation, etc. to elucidate the precise role of gene/s in

disease development

Genetic Models

EXPERIMENTAL MODELLING APPROACHES

Diet-induced Models

Chemical- induced Models

Surgical Models

Genetic Models

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE MODELS

(1) Spontaneous: diseases or conditions occur naturally in animals

(2) Chemically induced

(3) Genetically modified

(4) Negative models: resistant to a particular condition or disease

(5) Orphan models: nonhuman species with disorders or diseases unknown

to human

PHILIPPINE LAWS RELATING TO THE CARE AND USE

OF LABORATORY ANIMALS

1. Republic Act 8485 (RA 8485) – The Animal Welfare Act of 1998

2. Department of Agriculture Administrative Order No. 40 (DA

AO 40) Series of 1999 – Rules and Regulations on the Conduct

of Scientific Procedures Using Animals

RA 8485 is amended by

Amended by RA 10631

FIVE FREEDOMS VS FIVE DOMAINS

RULES AND REGULATIONS ON THE CONDUCT OF SCIENTIFIC

PROCEDURES USING ANIMALS

1. Acceptability of the Animal Care and Use Program (ACUP)

➢Grants authorization to conduct scientific procedures using animals to any

concerned entity based on:

2. Existence of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

DA ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 40