Intro and History

What is a laboratory animal?

Any animal used in research or teaching

What is laboratory animal science?

Provide for health and well-being of animals in research and testing

What is comparative medicine?

One world, health, medicine

What does comparative medicine focus on?

Study differences between vet and human med

What are the primary roles of the laboratory animal vet?

Animal resource management

Vet care

Advising scientists

Regulations

Research (independent and collaborative)

Teaching and training

T/F you should think of research animals has a herd?

True

What are some unique challenges of lab animal med?

Large variety of species

Husbandry, nutrition, environment

Manage induced disease

Manage spontaneous disease

What is AAALAC?

Association for assessment and accreditation for lab animal care. Being accredited is good for your place

Who is the founder of biology who dissected and revealed differences among animals?

Aristotle

Who was the first person to perform the 1st experiments on live animals and that trachea was an air tube?

Erasistratus

What is the father of medicine?

Galen

When did a resurgence of animal research occur?

Renaissance in France

Who came up with the idea of comparative medicine?

Louis Pasteur

What are animists?

Kindness to animals are a duty

What are mechanists?

No soul in humans or animals, purely a physical and temporal existence

What are vitalists?

Differences by degree rather than by kind

What are utilitarians?

World was created for human use and animals are a tool for humans to use as they see fit

Who said that animals do not suffer or feel pain?

Descartes

When did anthropomorphic attitudes come up?

mid 18th century when people become more sentimental and romantic attitude towards animals

When was there a decline in animals?

Industrial age

What is the human animal relationship today?

Concerns that are balanced between human and animal good

When did the animal welfare movement originate?

Victorian England due to middle and upper class abusing domestic animals

When did parliament outlaw cruelty to horses, donkeys, and cattle?

1822

What is RSPCA?

Royal society for prevention of cruelty to animals founded 1824

What did the RSPCA accomplish in the UK?

Outlaw animal baiting and fighting

Outlaw dogs as draft animals

Policy against painful experiments on animals

What bill in the UK passed in 1867?

Regulating animal use in experiments

• Licensed premises

• Researches get a license

• Activity must advance knowledge, save lives, alleviate suffering

• Painful experiments need special permission

• Curare not for anesthesia

• Penalties for violators

What is the 28 hour law?

First federal anti-cruelty law that was passed in the US making sure cattle were given food or water if they were being shipped for 28 hours or longer

What is the american antivivisection society?

Started in 1883 that focused on animal welfare

What are pound release laws?

Unclaimed dogs and cats are released to research institutions

What was the concern with the pound release laws?

Animal theft

What was created in response to pound release laws?

Animal welfare institute

Human society of the United States

When was the animal welfare act passed?

1966

Who was the first veterinarian to fill a LAM position at a medical research institute?

Simon Brimhall at Mayo Clinic

Why was there an animal research explosion in 1945?

Increase in funding

What were the problems with the explosion in biomedical research in 1945?

Lack of knowledge

Few trained LAM vets

Inadequate facilities

When was there an increase in antivivisectionist sentiment?

1945 especially in Chicago

What is the national society for medical reserach?

Formed to counter antivivisectionist campaigns and educate the public about animals in research

What are the 3Rs?

Replacement of animals

Reduction in number of animals

Refinement of animal studies/experimental design

What is absolute replacement?

Use of non-animal alternative computer models, in vitro, cell culture

What is relative replacement?

Using a lower phylogenic scale

How can you reduce do reduction?

Strategies that obtain same info with fewer animals

Maximize information that can be obtained from one animal without more pain or distress

Improve selection animal model (use inbred strains of mice to control genetics)

How can you do refinement?

Use a less invasive procedure

Implant telemetry surgically to gather data instead of handing each time

Microsampling

All anesthetics and analgesics

Technical training

Enrichment

Describe the animal rights movement in the 50s, 60s, and 70s?

Some wanted equal rights

Used emotional appeals

Some used terrorist tactics

T/F animal rights groups are exceptionally well funded?

True

T/F animal right activists are considered some of the most dangerous terrorist groups in the US?

True

What are animal rights?

Mora/ethical view that all animals are co-equal

Animals are not property that can be owned

Use of animals is equivalent to slavery, murder, torture

What is animal welfare?

Humans can have dominion over animals and can be property

Animals are treated humanely

Must alleviate pain or suffering

Proper care is necessary

What is the majority of opinion on animal welfare?

Animals can be used to benefit humans, animals, and ecosystem but must be treated humanely

What are the 5 freedoms?

1. Freedom from hunger and thirst

2. Freedom from discomfort

3. Freedom from pain, injury, dz

4. Freedom to express normal behavior

5. Freedom from fear and distress

What is a natural model?

Species that get the disease naturally

What is an induced model?

Species that get a disease due to induction (including genetically modified)

What are the big 3 organizations?

ACLAM

ILAR

AALAS

T/F the animal welfare act has changed over time?

True

What is the enforcement authority of the animal welfare act?

APHIS from the USDA

T/F the USDA performs unannounced inspections of facilities?

True

What is regulated by the animal welfare act?

Research

Teaching

Testing

What is covered by the animal welfare act?

All living or death warm blooded animal

What is excluded in the animal welfare act?

Birds, rats of genus Rattus, mice of genus Mus, horses (not used for research), farm animals for food and fiber or improving health nutrition, breeding, management

When are farm animals included in the animal welfare act?

Used to make things for humans or non farm animals

Models for human subjects

Used for teaching

Used in exhibits like zoos

What does the animal welfare act make provisions for?

Attending vet care

Animal identification and records

Registration and licensing requirements

Rules for dealers, exhibitors, auctions

Prohibits sale, purchase, or use of stolen animals

What does animal welfare act provide minimum standards for?

Animal husbandry, care, transportation

What does the animal welfare act set standards for?

Exercise for dogs, psychological well-being of NHPs

What are the penalizations for violating animal welfare act?

Fines are $2,500

Cease and desist

Suspend funding

Suspend licenses

Jail if necessary

What does the PHS policy do?

Related to funding from the NIH so follow policy if you want NIH funding

What does a PHS policy define an animal?

Any live vertebrate

What issues does PHS policy address?

Analgesia, tranqs, anesthesia

No paralytics

Euthanasia standards

Surgical care

Investigator training

PHS policy requires institutions to comply with what?

Animal welfare act

Animal welfare regulations

Guide for care and use of lab animals

What requires institutions to have an occupational health and safety program?

The guide and PHS policy

What are safety risks for animal workers?

Zoonosis

Environmental hazards

Biohazards

Radiation

Allergies

What handles safety with infectious agents or recombinant DNA?

IBC

What assigns biosafety levels?

CDC BMBL

What decides the biosafety of an agent?

Risk to humans

What establishes standards for agriculture animals in research in teaching?

The Ag guide

What are early experimental humane endpoints?

Death is not an endpoint

Ex: when testing a vaccine, onset of C/S indicates failure so begin treatment or euthanize if treatment is not possible

T/F the public has access to animal research information?

True

What oversees all animal care at an institution?

IACUC

What is in charge of an IACUC?

Institutional office at a place

What are the AWA IACUC requirements?

3 members

Non affiliated member

DVM with training in lab animal med

What are the PHS policy IACUC requirements?

5 members

Practicing scientist with animal use experience

DVM with lab animal med

Non affiliated member for community interest

Non-scientist

What are the differences between IACUC with AWA and PHS?

3 people in AWA, 5 in PHS

PHS needs a non-scientist and a practicing scientist

What does the IACUC do?

Review all proposals and changes to protocols

Perform semiannual review

Review concerns

Make recommendations to institutional official

What requires all personnel involved to be trained on treatment and other tasks?

AWA

What euthanasia guidelines do K-State follow?

AVMA guidelines from 2020. Provide mental and physical well being at all times

What are some physiological clues to stress?

Hormonal response (cortisol especially)

Increased susceptibility to disease

Weight changes

What are some behavioral changes that can indicate stress?

Conflict behavior

Self-mutilation

Stereotypic behavior