BT Part 4.2 - Building Materials, Concrete Facts & Figures, Terms in Filipino, Estimating & Qty. Surveying

Concrete

A construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement.

hydration. 

Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and placement due to a chemical process known as ______.

Cement

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster.

Aggregates

Sand, natural gravel and crushed stone are used mainly for this purpose.

Chemical admixtures

Form of powder or fluids that are added to the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes

Accelerators 

Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.

> Use of chlorides may cause corrosion in steel reinforcing and is prohibited in some countries, so that nitrates may be favored.

Retardes

Slow the hydration of concrete and are used in large or difficult pours where partial setting before the pour is complete is undesirable. 

Air entrainments

Add and entrain tiny air bubbles in the concrete, which will reduce damage during freeze-thaw cycles, thereby increasing the concrete's durability.

Plasticizers

Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating effort. 

Pigments

Used to change the color of concrete, for aesthetics.

Corrosion inhibitors 

Used to minimize the corrosion of steel and steel bars in concrete.

Bonding agents

Used to create a bond between old and new concrete (typically a type of polymer).

Pumping aids 

Improve pumpability, thicken the paste and reduce separation and bleeding.

Fly ash

A by-product of coal-fired electric generating plants, it is used to partially replace Portland cement (by up to 60% by mass). 

Ground granulated blast furnace slag

A by-product of steel production is used to partially replace Portland cement (by up to 80% by mass). It has latent hydraulic properties.

Silica fume

A by-product of the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys.

>  Increase strength and durability of concrete

High reactivity Metakaolin (HRM)

Produces concrete with strength and durability similar to concrete made with silica fume. 

Concrete Slump Test

Used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. 

compression strength

Concrete essentially has a high level of __________, while the tensile strength of concrete is relatively very weak.

lower water-cement ratio

Generally, concrete made using __________ makes a stronger concrete than when higher ratios are used. 

28-day

Normally, a ______ compressive strength testing is done to achieve desired workability. 

Workability of concrete

_______ means the ability of a concrete to fill the mold appropriately, producing the desired work without plummeting the quality of concrete. 

Curing

____ is a process that keeps the concrete intact by providing an appropriate environment. 

shrinkage

Concrete also needs to be protected from _______.

Cracking

______ of concrete begins at micro level.

Hydration and hardening

__________ of concrete can lead to shrinkage and cracking when it has not yet developed the tensile strength. 

Creeping

As constant deformation of a material owing to internal stress taking place in the material

Self-compacting concretes

Use super plasticizers that accounts for the excessive fluidity of the concrete. It acts like a sticky self-leveling fluid that is combined using vibration.

Pump concrete 

Consist of more quantity of sand than normal concrete. It is specifically made smooth to allow easy pumping from roadside to the construction site. 

Sprayed concrete or Shotcrete

Makes use of compressed air to cast it to a structure.

> There are two different kind of sprayed concrete the dry-mix and the wet-mix concrete. 

Normal concrete

It is the most common concreting applications. The slump is + 15mm.

Special concrete

Any concrete specifically required by customers like pre-stressed concrete and light weight concrete.

Chipping

concrete is made by passing the mixture between very small spaces, small size stones.

Mortar

No fines concrete as the name suggests is a concrete with no sand in its mixture. It is a porous mass also known as a washed-out concrete. I

Reinforced concrete

Concrete mold wrapped in a mesh of iron rods 

Aerated concrete

______ is widely used for modern construction as it is mortarless and can be produced with different densities.

Ready Mixed concrete

Durable and hard wearing and is used for variety of applications owing to its crack-resistance and durability.

Situ concrete

_____ is cast in place, on site. Precast concrete finds application in concrete curtain walls, exterior cladding and structural walls,

Cast-in-place concrete

An unhardened state, like ready-mix, and is placed in molds. Ready mixed concrete is proportioned and mixed off the project site. 

Fiber Cement

Made using a mixture of sand, cellulose fibers and cement. It has a wood-like appearance, is durable and used for decorative shapes and trim applications.

White Topping

It is a Portland cement concrete overlay on existing asphalt concrete pavement and used in airport pavements, highways, secondary roads, and other pavements.

Beams and Columns 

Allowable Slump:75mm

Slabs

Allowable Slump:50mm - 1

Walls, Parapets, Piers 

Allowable Slump:50mm - 2

Heavy Mass Construction 

Allowable Slump:50mm - 3

Arches, and Retaining Walls 

Allowable Slump:100mm

Slump Cone Dimension

12 inch in length, base diameter: 8 inches, top diameter: 4 inches

Cylinder

12 inch in length with a diameter of 6 inches

Class Mix: Class AAA

1:1:2 - For concrete subject to post tensioning or pre tensioning, dams etc.

Class Mix: Class AA

1: 1 ½ : 3 - Concrete underwater, retaining walls and elevator shear wall

Class Mix: Class A

1:2:4 - Reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns, arches, machine/engine foundations and building foundations

Class Mix: Class B

1: 2 ½  : 5 - Slabs on fill, retaining walls, abutment piers, building wall and sidewalk

Class Mix: Class C

1:3:6 - Lean mixture used for stone masonry and filling, parapet walls, plant boxes

Class Mix: Class D

1: 3 ½ : 7 - Footpath, walkways and lean concrete

Mortar Mix: Class AA 

1:1

Mortar Mix: Class A

1:2

Mortar Mix: Class B

1:3

Mortar Mix: Class C

1:4

Mortar Mix: Class D

1:5

Portland cement

A basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout.

fine powder

It is a ______ produced by grinding Portland cement clinker (more than 90%), a limited amount of calcium sulfate

Portland cement clinker

A hydraulic material which shall consist of at least two-thirds by mass of calcium silicates 

Portland - Type I 

A ordinary Portland cement, and it is available in white or gray.

Portland - Type II

A moderate sulfate resistant cement, important when concrete is cast against soil that has moderate sulfate levels.

Portland - Type III

A high early strength cement. It is ground finer and reacts faster than Type I, so the earl strength gains are greater.

Portland - Type IV and V

Used in special construction applications where high sulfate resistance is required or a low heat of hydration

Moisture

______ content is a major factor in the processing of wood because it influences all physical and mechanical properties, and durability and performance during use. 

> Dried ranges 8–13%

pressure gradient

Permeability is a measure of the flow characteristics of a liquid or gas through wood as a result of the total _________.

sapwood or heartwood

Permeability is also affected by the species, by whether the wood is _______, and by the chemical and physical properties of the fluid.

Dry wood

What material is an excellent insulator?

Metal

An element, compound, or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat.

> Usually malleable and shiny

Alloys

Common engineering metals include aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc.

Stainless steel or galvanized steel 

_______ are used where resistance to corrosion is important.

Aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys

Used for applications where strength and lightness are required

Copper-nickel alloys 

Highly corrosive environments and for non-magnetic applications

Nickel-based superalloys

Used in high temperature applications such as turbochargers, pressure vessel, and heat exchangers. 

Casting 

Molten metal is poured into a shaped mold.

Forging 

A red-hot billet is hammered into shape.

Rolling

A billet is passed through successively narrower rollers to create a sheet.

Extrusion 

A hot and malleable metal is forced under pressure through a die, which shapes it before it cools.

Sintering

A powdered metal is heated in a non-oxidizing environment after being compressed into a die.

Fabrication

Sheets of metal are cut with guillotines or gas cutters and bent into shape.

Cold working processes

________, where the product’s shape is altered by rolling, fabrication or other processes

Glass

An amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material

Cast Glass

Albeit with poor optical qualities, began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii

Crown Glass

Hot blown glass was cut open opposite the pipe, and then rapidly spun on a table before it could cool.

Drawn Sheet Glass

Made by dipping a leader into a vat of molten glass then pulling that leader straight up 

Polished Plate Glass

Process starts with sheet or rolled plate glass

Prism Glass 

Used around the turn of the century to provide lighting to underground spaces and areas that would otherwise be too difficult to light. 

Glass Block

Used in areas where privacy or visual obscuration is desired while admitting light, such as underground parking garages, washrooms, and municipal swimming baths.

Annealed Glass 

Glass without internal stresses caused by heat treatment, i.e., rapid cooling, or by toughening or heat strengthening.

Laminated glass 

By bonding two or more layers of glass together with layers of PVB

Tempered glass 

A type of safety glass that has increased strength and will usually shatter in small, square pieces when broken

Heat Strengthened Glass

Glass that has been heat treated to induce surface compression, but not to the extent of causing it to "dice" 

 Plastics

A wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial products.

Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.

There are two types of plastics: 

 Polyester (PES) 

Fibers, textiles.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 

Carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film, microwavable packaging.

Polyethylene (PE)

Wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags, plastic bottles.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 

Detergent bottles and milk jugs.