ST in Biology: Cannabis

MidTerm Review Guide

ECS is a acronym for

Endocannabinoid System

CB1 and CB2 are:

Receptors found throughout members of the animal kingdom

The pharmacological potential of cannabinoids have been studied in all of the following based on Paper 1 except for

High blood pressure / Hypertension

Paper 1 (Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive….. long history) was from what scientific journal

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Which phytocannabinoid is responsible for the primary psychoactive effects of cannabis sativa

∆-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (∆-9-THC)

Where is the genus Cannabis likely indigenous to

Asia

What was Carl Linnaeus’s contribution to the nomenclature of the Cannabis in species Plantarum

He described the genus Cannabis should be split into wild and cultivated varieties

What type of plant is Cannabis according to the articles discussion of its reproductive structures

Dioecious

Why are some Cannabis names like “Sour Diesel” or “Granddaddy Purple” not considered valid under the ICNCP

They are not recognized by Linnaeus’s system

What is the estimated size of the Cannabis nuclear genome in females

818 Mbp

What distinguishes drug-type Cannabis from hemp-type Cannabis

Drug type Cannabis contains high levels of THCA, while hemp-type contains high levels of CBDA

What related genus to Cannabis is commonly used in beer brewing

Humulus

When did Cannabis likely diverse from its closest relatives Humulus and Trema

27.8 million years ago

What describes the sex chromosome system in Cannabis

2 set of sex chromosome (X and Y)

What percentage of Cannabis genome is estimated to be missing from current genome assemble

10%

Which type of phytocannabinoid is primarily responsible for the psychoactive effects in Cannabis

THC

Which process is used to activate the psychoactive properties of cannabinoids like THCA and CBDA

Decarboxylation

Why are Cannabis genome assemblies considered incomplete

They are missing ribosomal DNA clusters and centromeres

Why is it important to continue studying Y chromosome evolution in Cannabis

Sex determination is an important aspect in cultivation and breeding

What is the primary objective of the study conducted by Wishart et al. (2024)?

To compile s comprehensive list of chemical constituents in commercial cannabis

Why is cannabis a plant

it has roots and shoots, autotrophic, specialized tissue to reduce water loss, alternation of generations, and a cell wall

Who created the binomial nomenclature

Linnaeus

What are the relatives of cannabis

Humulus lupus (Hops) and Celtis sp.

True or False: Is Cannabis a eudicot (dicot) plant?

True

True or False: During vegetative growth, male and female are not distinguishable on appearance

True

How does plant density influence branching

High dense planting resulting in callers lender stemmed plants with reduced branching (Hemp for fiber)

The center of origin of Cannabis

Temperate central or Western Asia

True or False: The cannabis plant has evolved to where it can attract bees and is wind-pollinated

False

Hemp

Industrialized produces less than 0.3% THC and cannot be used as a narcotic.

The main constituents of hemp

Cellulose, semi-cellulose, lignin, and pectin.

Fibers

Simple tissue

Where did the plant name Cannabis originally derive from

Scythian or Thracian word, which loaned into Persian as kanab and subsequently into latin as cannabis

Strains of Cannabis

3 common strains: sativa (high-THC), indica (mixed THC-CBD), and ruderalis (high-CBD).

Sativa vs Indica

Sativa is more stimulating, uplifting, energizing, and creativity enhancing. Sativa is better at treating depression, headaches, nausea, and loss of appetite. Indica is relaxing, sedating, and pain reducing. Indica is better at treating inflammation, muscle spasm, epilepsy, glaucoma, and insomnia.

Agonist

A substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

Endogenous Agonist

Agonist for a particular receptor; a compound naturally produced by the body which binds to and activates that receptor.

Exogenous Agonist

External factors which bind to various receptors and induce a biological response

Examples of Cannabinoids

Includes endocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and phytocannabinoids.

The most abundant cannabinoid and the chemical reaction associated with it

The most abundant cannabinoid found in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinoilic acid (THCA), which is decarboxylated by smoking, vaporization, or processing to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Properties involved with THC

Psychoactive, anti-inflammatory, neuron-protective, anti-nausea, and analgesic

CBD

Non-psychoactive with no significant affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, blocks the formation of 11-OH-THC, potent CYP450 3A1 inhibitor, and mitigates the side effects of THC

The Endocannabinoid System

The eCB consists of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, endogenous agonists, and agonist-metabolizing enzymes

What roles does the eCB play in the human body

Hunger, neural plasticity, painful memory, autonomic tone, immune response, connective tissue repair, and human behavior.

CB1

Primarily expressed in the CNS, when expressed, appetite and cerebral dilation goes up while core body temperature does down.

CB2

Primarily expressed in the peripheral tissue of the immune system (leukocytes, spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow)

Advantages/Disadvantages of smoking

Simple and effective but can contain bronchial irritants and carcinogens

Advantages/Disadvantages of water pipes

Effectively remove gas-phase smoke which includes carbon monoxides, ammonias and nitrosamines but still contain tar which are not readily removed

Industrial Hemp

Is from the plant species Cannabis sativa and is used to produce a variety of industrial and consumer products.

Is industrial hemp the same as marijuana

They are different varieties of the same plant Cannabis sativa, they have been developed differently for specific purposes and cultural practices. Marijuana is use for producing tetrahydrocannabinol while hemp is cultivated for fiber, seed and CBD oil.

Uses of Industrial Hemp

Industrial hem is grown mainly for fiber or seed production; but it is also extracted from resins in flowers and is used as a health supplement to relief pain and inflammation.

The history of hemp can be trusted back to what regions of the world

Central, East, South, and Southwest Asia, Egypt, Mediterranean region, Northern Europe and eventually the new world.

Retting

A process of employing the actions of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much the cellular tissue and pectins surrounding the fiber bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibers from the stem

The 3 main harvestable components of hemp

grains/seeds, fiber, and floral material

Farm Bill 2018

Removes industrial hemp and its derivatives containing less than 0.3% THC from the controlled substances act, thus legalizing the cultivation of industrial hemp and the hemp derivative CBD oil

Is it legal to grow industrial hemp in NJ

Yes

The phot-cannabinoids contents of C. sativa are influenced by what measures

Extreme environmental conditions of humidity, temperature radiation, and soil nutrients and parasites

What is the key psychoactive constituent in C. sativa

Delta 9

Do you consider the effects of cannabis positive or negative on mental health

If cannabis is used properly then the effects will be positive however if it is abused then the effects will be negative and cause more problems

What type of nuclear genome does cannabis have

Diploid

Do cannabinoids have the same effect of animals and humans

Yes because both animals and humans have cannabinoid system. Cannabinoids modulate the activity of the body’s cannabinoid system in both humans and animals

What are the 2 important phytochemical that play a role in plant defense and plant

Polyphenols and phenolic acids

Why are polyphenols and phenolic acids important

Because they help protect the plant

What is the difference between CBC and CBD

CBC is the most stable phytocannabinoid that does not exhibit psychoactivity that is CB1 mediated

Where does endocannabinoid system appear within appear

Birds, Amphibians, and Mussels

What were the 2 species of cannabis that Lamarck proposed in 1785

C. sativa and C. indica

Due to its numerous medical and recreational usages, hundreds of cannabis cultivated varies have been named with what

Vernacular names

The United States office and drug crime estimates that what percent of the world consumes cannabis

2.5%

Explain how cannabigerolic acid (CGBA) is synthesized

It is synthesized by aromatic prenyltransferase CBGA synthase through C-prenylation of OA by GPP.

Approximately how much the global market value for cannabis (legal and illegal uses)

$344 billion

How can we further the research of cannabis chemistry

Focus more of the chemical composition using various metabolic techniques and biotechnology; by doing so, this can benefit distributors, physicians, and large databases

In federal prisons, what % of people carry drug convictions

45.3%

Why has the United States incarcerated more people due to drug convictions more than any other country

Because it was under the controlled substance act as a class 1 substance, which made it the leading cause of the arrests

Which of the following is NOT a promising strategy for improving expungement processes according to the research?

Increasing the number of felony offenses eligible for expungements

3 states have requirements of automated expungement set standard waiting periods for

criminal record expungements, what are the waiting periods for each state and what

regulation do the set standard detail?

The 3 states are California, Illinois and New Mexico. Ilinois automatically

expunges cannabis related offenses after 1 year but is detailed on what degree the

cannabis offenses were, not every cannabis related offense gets expunged. Ilinois and

New Mexico has a 2 year wait for certain cannabis related offenses.

Have the legal expungement systems in place resulted in all records being expunged?

No.....many require long and costly processes which mean not all eligible criminal records have been expunged.

How many adults carry a criminal record within the US

1 in 3

How was the data in the article “Clearing Cannabis criminal records” interpreted and collected

It was a qualitative data survey where there were several goals in mind; but the most important were whether states allowed expungements of prior cannabis offenses, and to see the existence of financial requirements for person seeking relief.

What effects do fees and waiting periods have on low-income people's ability to get cannabis expungement

Low-income people find cannabis expungement challenging due to waiting periods and expenses. Access to employment, housing, and education becomes restricted, and improving

accessibility and assisting people impacted in reintegrating into society could be accomplished by lowering these obstacles.

Why do some states make it difficult and costly for the expungement of offenses?

They believe that if innate have to go through long, tedious, and costly offenses are less likely to be repeated.

What are some common barriers that individuals face when seeking expungement

of cannabis-related criminal records in states that have decriminalized or legalized

cannabis?

Some barriers include complex petition processes, financial costs, and lack of awareness.

Among the 39 states and Washington DC that decimalized or legalized cannabis use, how

many states were found to permit some kind of expungement program? And within those

states that allowed expungement, how many states had cannabis-specific expungement?

36 permitted some kind of expungement of conviction records related to cannabis; 21 offered cannabis-specific expungements

What factor below helped determined the characteristics of states expungements programs

Types of offenses eligible for expungements

What is the most effective approach for preventing cannabis use among adolescents?

Family-based prevention programs

What are the authors strategies for reducing C.sativa related harm after legalization?

They suggest the government create a monopoly on cannabis production and sales, use taxes to discourage heavy use, decrease the number and location of retail cannabis outlets, and deter people who use cannabis from driving while impaired.

How can heavy cannabis use contribute to death?

Through cardiovascular disease and stroke

What countries produce the most high school and household surveys about long-term trends and data on recreational cannabis use?

Australia, Canada, and the United States

What are the harms related to recreational cannabis use?

Overdose of cannabis can produce anxiety, depression, psychotic symptoms, and cardiovascular/gastrointestinal symptoms along with cognitive and psychomotor performance.

In ______, doctors can prescribe herbal cannabis for medical uses when recognized treatments have failed.

Israel

Based on US surveys from the 1990s, what percentage of people who tried cannabis became dependent compared to the dependence rates for substances like nicotine and heroin?

9% for cannabis, 32% for nicotine and 23% for heroin

Which was the first state to legalize medical marijuana

California

What are some marijuana withdrawal symptoms ?

Nausea, loss of appetite, trouble sleeping

What happened after Colorado legalized recreational marijuana in 2012?

By 2016, they collected a huge amount in taxes—between $143-185 million that year alone. In fact, by 2015, Colorado was making twice as much in taxes from marijuana as it was from alcohol, and this was expected to reach four times as much by the end of 2016. Fewer people were being arrested or taken to court for marijuana, which saved a lot of money and resources for police and the courts. This meant the state could put those savings toward other important things.

What was the change of law under Senate Bill 95 that decriminalized marijuana?

The change of law under Senate Bill 95 was to decrease the consequences of possession of marijuana. Possession of marijuana of more than an ounce became a misdemeanor and people who committed the crime would not be imprisoned for more than six months and would not have to pay a fine more than $500.00. Also, the arresting officer would have a choice whether to take the person into custody or issue a citation. This change provided more time for law enforcement to focus on more serious crimes.

Ainslingers propaganda stated cannabis caused...

Psychosis and insanity. Mental deterioration, violent crime and murder

Under S.B 95, possession of more than how many ounces became a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than 6 months

1 ounce

On May 31, 1985, the FDA approved the use of a drug called Marinol. What use of utilizing Marinol

Use in loss of appetite associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS, nausea/vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.

When did California become the first state to authorize medical marijuana, and what was the initiative's name?

California became the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996, with Proposition 215, often known as the Compassionate Use Act.

The CDAPCA increased research and drug rehabilitation and treatment programs. What did this expansion include?

The expansion included rehabilitation centers and medical centers that provide counseling and psychological services. The CDAPCA also included extensive drug education policy to promote and educate drug abuse to the public.

What was the primary reason for the creation of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act in 1914?

The primary reason for the creation of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act in 1914 was to regulate opium and coca leaves in the United States, marking the first federal regulation aimed at controlling drug legislation.

What was the main purpose of the 1944 La Guardia Committee Report requested by New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia?

To examine and debunk various myths and concerns about marijuana, including its supposed link to "madness," addiction, and crime