Pre-AP Biology Semester II - Energy, Enzymes, Cells, and Genetics

Vocabulary flashcards covering energy, enzymes, cells, cell transport, cell cycle, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, DNA, and genetics.

Anabolic Reaction

Builds energy

Catabolic Reaction

Breaks down energy.

Active Site

The location on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Substrate

The reactant that fits into the enzyme's active site.

Denaturation

To break apart an enzyme, preventing it from functioning correctly; usually irreversible.

Lock and Key Theory

The theory that an enzyme requires specific substrates to function.

Enzymes Lower Activation Energy

Decreases it.

Competitive Inhibition

Competes with the substrate for the active site.

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Inhibition that occurs when the inhibitor does not compete for the active site; instead, the enzyme changes shape, preventing the substrate from binding.

Robert Hooke

Coined the term "cell" after observing cork under a microscope.

Leeuwenhoek

First to observe cells and microorganisms using a microscope.

Schwann and Schleiden

Proposed the cell theory.

Virchow

Added to the cell theory.

Major Component of the Cell Membrane

Phospholipids

Function of Ribosomes

To synthesize proteins.

Mitochondria Function

Produces energy.

Chloroplast Function

Performs photosynthesis in plant cells.

Golgi Apparatus Function

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Ribosome Function

Site of protein synthesis.

Smooth ER Function

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

Rough ER Function

Synthesizes proteins.

Lysosome Function

Breaks down waste.

Contractile Vacuole Function

Expels excess water in freshwater organisms.

Centriole Function

Helps with cell division.

Peroxisome Function

Breaks down fatty acids.

What organelles can produce on their own and self replicate?

Mitochondria, Chlorplast

Function of Cell Wall

To protect its structure.

Organelles in the Endomembrane System

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

Function of Cholesterol in Cell Membrane

Stabilizes membrane fluidity.

Why Phospholipids Turn "Tail to Tail"

They are hydrophobic.

Types of Integral Proteins

Channel proteins, carrier proteins, and receptor proteins.

Types of Passive Transport

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Active Transport Examples

Sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis, and proton pump.

Define Mitosis

Division of the nucleus into two duplicate nuclei

Define Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

Define Chromosome

Structures made of DNA and protein

Define Chromatin

Elongated, threadlike mass of DNA

Define Centrosome

Cell structure which organizes the spindle in all eukaryote cells

Define Spindle Apparatus

Football-shaped web of protein to which kinetochores attach.

Define Chromatid

Half of a duplicated chromosome

Define Centromere

Region which holds chromatids

Define Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes which match in appearance and kind of genes contained

Pigment Used in Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

Two Main Stages of Photosynthesis

Light reactions and dark reactions.

Products of Light Reactions

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

Product of the Dark Reactions

Glucose

Colors of Light Chlorophyll Absorbs Best

Red and blue

Color of Light Reflected by Chlorophyll

Green

Source of Oxygen in Photosynthesis

Splitting water in light reactions.

Source of Carbon Dioxide for Photosynthesis

From the air and through the stomata.

Three Stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

Energy produced by Cellular Respiration

ATP

Fermentation

An anaerobic process which allows cells to produce energy by converting glucose into other byproducts.

Why Fermentation is Necessary

It regenerates NAD which is essential for glycolysis.

Replication

Anabolic process in which the cell copies DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules.

Transcription

Process of making mRNA from a DNA template.

Translation

Process where ribosomes use mRNA to build proteins using amino acids.

Nucleotide

The basic unit of DNA/RNA made of sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen bases.

Purine

A double-ring nitrogen base; A and G.

Pyrimidine

A single nitrogen base; C, T, and U.

Complementary Bases

Bases that pair specifically.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides during replication.

Okazaki Fragments

Short DNA pieces made on the lagging strand during replication.

Messenger RNA

mRNA

Translating RNA

tRNA

Ribosomal RNA

rRNA

Antiparallel

The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.

Double Helix

The twisted ladder shape of DNA molecule.

Universal Donor Blood Type

Type O

Universal Recipient Blood Type

Type AB