Histology and Anatomy Lecture Review Flashcards

Practice question-and-answer flashcards based on the lecture review transcript covering histology, tissue types, cell surface modifications, cartilage, bone, muscle, and nervous tissue concepts.

Why are pseudostratified columnar epithelium and transitional epithelium classified as simple epithelia despite appearing stratified?

Both pseudostratified columnar epithelium and transitional epithelium are considered simple epithelia because all of their cells attach to the basement membrane, despite having the appearance of being stratified.

What role do desmosomes and hemidesmosomes play in attaching epithelial cells?

Desmosomes attach epithelial cells to neighboring cells, while hemidesmosomes attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

What binds to the extracellular matrix fibers in cartilage?

A 'hydrated gel' polymer binds to the fibers of the extracellular matrix in cartilage.

What inorganic substance precipitates and mineralizes the osteoid in bone tissue?

Inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

What fibrous structures anchor the periosteum to bone, as well as anchoring tendons, ligaments, and teeth?

Perforating fibers anchor the periosteum to bone, as well as anchoring some ligaments, tendons, and the periodontal ligament of teeth.

What two layers make up the periosteum?

The cellular layer and the fibrous layer.

What visual pattern is seen in a striated muscle cell in transverse profile versus longitudinal profile?

A 'stippled' pattern is seen in transverse profile, while a light and dark banding pattern is seen in longitudinal profile.

What is endomysium and what does it surround?

Endomysium is a fine connective tissue filled with capillaries that surrounds each individual muscle cell.

In skeletal muscle, what do endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium respectively enclose?

Endomysium encloses one cell, perimysium encloses groups of cells within the muscle, and epimysium encloses the entire muscle.

What nuclear feature in transverse profile is frequently found surrounding the centrally positioned nucleus of certain muscle cells?

A 'glycogen halo'.

How does the neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell) enclose myelinated axons compared to small unmyelinated axons in the PNS?

Myelinated axons are wrapped multiple times by the neurolemmocyte (Schwann cell), whereas small unmyelinated axons are enclosed by the Schwann cell without multiple wrappings.

Why does the axon hillock fail to stain with basic dye compared to Nissl substance?

Large motor neurons have abundant Nissl (chromatophilic) substance that attracts basic dye (is basophilic), whereas the axon hillock does not attract basic dye and is not basophilic.

What substance helps identify myelinated axons in a peripheral nerve fascicle?

Neurokeratin.

What are the three connective tissue coverings of a peripheral nerve?

Endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.

What forms the basis for the Anatomical Classification versus the Functional Classification of neurons?

The Anatomical Classification is based on the anatomy or shape of the neurons, whereas the Functional Classification is based on the function or 'job' performed by the neurons.

What components make up the Haversian system (osteon) of mature bone?

The central canal, lamellae, osteocytes in lacunae, canaliculi, perforating canals, interstitial lamellae, and inner & outer circumferential lamellae.